ABSTRACT
The
study developed professional skills improvement programme for early childhood
education teachers in South- East, Nigeria. Five research questions and three
hypotheses guided the study. The design of the study was Research and
Development (R&D) design. The population for the study was made up of 4,992
which comprised of three categories of respondents. These respondents are 63
lecturers in ECE from government owned Universities and Colleges of Education,
4,914 head teachers from government owned ECE schools and 15 SUBEB staff, 3
staff from each state in the South- East, Nigeria. The sample size for this
study was 447, 63 Lecturers in ECE from government owned Universities and
Colleges of Education, 15 SUBEB staff, three from each state in the South-East.Yamane’s
formula was used to determine the sample size for ECE head teachers. Using the
proportionate stratified random sampling technique 369 head teachers were
usedfrom the five states in South-East, Nigeria. A 95 item questionnaire
developed by the researcher and titled Development of Professional Skills
Improvement Programme Questionnaire (DPSIPQ) structured on a four-point rating
scale was used as the instrument for data collection. 95 items reflecting the
objectives, contents, methods, materials and evaluation techniques for
professional skills improvement programme questionnaire were generated. Three
experts from University of Nigeria, Nsukka validated the instrument. The
reliability of the instrument was trial tested in Delta State using 18 respondents.
The data collected were analyzed using Cronbach Alpha Reliability Coefficient.
On cluster basis, 0.86 was obtained for cluster 1, 0.80 was obtained for
cluster 2, 0.89 was obtained for cluster 3, 0.91 was obtained for cluster 4 and
0.85 was obtained for cluster 5. An overall coefficient of 0.84 was obtained
for the entire instrument. The data for the study were collected by the
researcher with the help of five research assistants. Out of the 447 copies of
the questionnaire administered on the respondents, a total of 427 copies (15
SUBEB staff, 63 lecturers and 349 head teachers) representing 95% return rate
were analyzed. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research
questions. A mean cut off of 2.50 and above was used to consider the opinion of
the respondents on the appropriate items for inclusion in the programme.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used in testing the hypotheses at 0.05 level
of significance. The following were the major results of the study. 15
objectives, 14 contents, 34 methods, 11 materials and 11evaluation techniques
were accepted for professional skills improvement programme for ECE teachers in
South-East, Nigeria. The findings revealed that there was nosignificant
difference (P>0.05) in the mean ratings of ECE head teachers, SUBEB Staff,
and Lecturerson the objectives of professional skills improvement programme for
ECE teachers but the difference is not statistically significant.There was a
significant difference (P<0.05) in the mean ratings of ECE head teachers,
SUBEB Staff, and Lecturers on the appropriate content for professional skills
improvement programme for ECE teachers. There was significant difference
(P<0.05) in the mean ratings of ECE head teachers, SUBEB Staff, and
Lecturers on the evaluation techniques for professional skills improvement
programme for ECE teachers. Based on the findings, it was recommended, among
others, that the developedpackaged should be used for training and retraining
programme for early childhood education teachers by school administrations,
government agencies and UNICEF for the purpose of effective teaching delivery
in early childhood schools in South-East, Nigeria.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Education is an indispensable tool in nation building. Education is a
process of systematic training and instruction designed to transmit knowledge
and provideskills, develop potentials and abilities which will enable
individuals to contribute efficiently to the growth and development of the
society (Osakwe, 2006). It involves all round development of an individual
physically, socially, morally, intellectually and mentally (Osakwe, 2006).
The Federal Government of Nigeria in the National Policy on Education
(FRN, 2009) posits that education is an instrument for national development and
social change. Education is vital for the promotion of a progressive, united
Nigeria. Also, education should maximize the creative potentials and skills of
the individual for self-fulfillment and general development of the society. The
National Policy on Education (FRN, 2009) states the operational goals of
education in Nigeria to include: ensure and sustain unfettered access and
equity to education for the total development of the individual; ensure the quality
of education at all levels; promote functional education for skill acquisition,
job creation and poverty reduction. Other goals include to ensure periodic
review, effectiveness and relevance of the curriculum at all levels to meet the
needs of society and the world of work; collaborate with development partners,
the private sector and local communities to support and fund education and
promote information and communication technology capacity at all levels. The
National Policy further states that every Nigerian shall have a right to equal
educational opportunity irrespective of gender, social status, religion, ethnic
background and any peculiar individual challenges.
In support of the above, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCR, 2003) state
categorically that children have the right to receive education. A child is a
young person in the early years of life. He or she is still dependent on a
parent or any other adult for the provision of his or her needs. Sykes in
Ogbuji (2005) defines a child as a boy or a girl who has not reached the age of
discretion. The author further states that a child is seen as a dependent one
who is to be provided for in terms of food, shelter, protection and health
care. This means that he or she is someone who is dependent on others for
survival. The Convention on the Rights of Child (CRC, 2007), defines a child as
a human being below the age of eighteen years, unless national laws fix an
earlier age of maturity. It is in line with these rights and the need to lay a
solid academic foundation that early childhood education becomes necessary and
relevant.
Early Childhood Education (ECE), according to the National Policy on
Education (FRN, 2009) is the care, protection, stimulation and learning
promoted in children from age 0-5 years in a crèche, nursery or kindergarten.
Early Childhood Education (ECE) is the understanding that learning is a social
process and that children from the very earliest are active participants in the
shared construction of knowledge (Obinaju & Umoh, 2012). Furthermore,
Okonkwo, in Obinaju & Umoh, defined Early Child Care Education (ECCE) to
include the feeding, providing shelter, clothing, adequate supervision,
preventing and attending to ill-health, providing a stimulating and safe
environment for learning through play for the child. Okonkwo reiterated that
the period of early childhood, if properly taken care of, provides a lifelong
opportunity for good health, growth and development. It makes for positive
changes in the life of a child. Early childhood education in this context is
the education given to children to develop them morally, socially,
intellectually, physically and psychologically for the growth and development
of the child in later life.
Early childhood education forms part of the education system in Nigeria,
and falls under the joint responsibility of the Ministry of Education, the
Universal Basic Education Commission and Boards, in collaboration with the
local governments. At the Federal, State and Local government levels,
commissions and boards monitor and control early childhood education.The ECE
has been found to be crucial for satisfactory adult development. It is very
useful to the child’s physical, emotional, social and intellectual well-being.
Early childhood is the period for laying the foundation for the overall
development of the child. It is believed that early childhood education
facilitates the learning that occurs in the later stage of a child’s life. The
early childhood years set the foundation for life, ensuring that children have
positive experiences and that their needs for health, stimulation and support
are met and that they learn to interact with their surroundings. Furthermore,
early childhood education results in easier transition to primary school,
better completion rates, reduced poverty and social equality (United Nations
Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 2007). According to
Education International (2010), high quality ECE provides the foundation for
life-long learning and stimulates children’s social, emotional, physical,
cognitive and linguistic development.
In line with this, the Federal Government of Nigeria recognizes the
importance of early childhood education in our economic development and social
transformation process. The objectives of early childhood care development and
education, as enshrined in the National Policy on Education (FRN, 2009), shall
be to effect a smooth transition from home to the school;prepare the child for
the primary level of education;provide adequate care, supervision and security
for the children while the parents are at work.Other objectives include
to:inculcate social and moral norms;inculcate in the child the spirit of
enquiry and creativity through the exploration of nature, the environment, art,
music and the use of toys. Furthermore, other objectives as enshrined in the
policy includes: develop a sense of co-operation
and team spirit; stimulate in the child good habits including of good health
habits; and teach the rudiment of numbers, letter, colours, shapes, and forms
through play.
The government shall on the other hand,set and monitor minimum standard for
Early Childhood Care Development and Education (ECCDE) centres; andestablish
ECCDE sections in public schools and encourage both community and private
efforts in its provision based on set standards. The government shall alsomake
provision in teacher education programmes for specialization in early childhood
care and education, and for retraining of teachers;ensure that the curriculum
of teacher education is oriented towards play methodsand ensure that ECCDE
centres adopt the following caregiver infant ratio: Crèches should be 1:10,
Nursery and kindergarten 1:25. Again, the government shalldevelop suitable
ECCDE curriculum for nationwide implementation;supervise and control quality of
ECCDE institutions;make provision for the production and effective utilization
of learning and instructional materials in adequate numbers andensure that the
medium of instruction is principally the mother-tongue or the language of the
immediate community. And to this end, will develop the orthography of more
Nigerian language and produce textbooks, supplementary readers and other
instructional materials in Nigeria languages.Early childhood experiences have
great impact on all areas of a child’s development and the teacher is an
extremely important person in the child’s life (Osakwe, 2009).
To achieve success of an educational enterprise particularly in terms of
qualitydepends to a large extent, on the regular supply of quality teachers in
adequate quantity. In the light of the above, Fareo (2013), defines a teacher
as one certified to engage in interactions with learners for the purpose of
effecting change in their behaviours. A teacher assumes different capacities
such as educator, instructor, tutor, lecturer (Fareo, 2013). Teachers, at all
levels of the educational system, are very important in the overall development
of any nation. According to Cochran-Smith & Lytle (2001), a teacher is....
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