tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-50463755911839209032024-03-13T22:34:15.683+01:00Research Project Topics & Materials | Download Free ProjectsProject Topics and MaterialsUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger5237125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5046375591183920903.post-25893520313715164562023-05-22T18:19:00.000+01:002023-05-22T18:19:43.220+01:00MOBILE PHONE USAGE AND MORAL DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIAN YOUTHS<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>Abstract</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Mobile Phone is often seen as having either a positive or a negative effect to its users while this research dwells on the harmful aspect of social media, but cannot avoid mentioning the benefits too. Today in our society, youths are often found accessing the web in every slight time they ascribe to as being leisure moment which derails their social ethics. Hence, the main focus of this study is to investigate the effect of Mobile Phone Usage on the morality of youths while using Oredo LGA, Edo State as a case study. A descriptive research design of exploratory type will be adopted for the study. A total of 70 respondents were selected from different study level (grades) using the study the population will comprise of all 4 schools in Oredo LGA of Edo State. The researcher will narrow the study to an accessible numbers. In each school, the stratified random sampling technique was used to select the student’s gender based on the school population. The researcher will choose to use questionnaires and interview schedules in order to collect information. In this research, the instruments used will be validated in terms of content validity. According to (Mugenda, O. M., & Mugenda, A. G., 1999) reliability in which a research instrument yields consistent results or data after repeated trials will be done through test and retest techniques. Data gathered were analysed using simple frequencies and simple percentages. It integrates both qualitative and quantitative data through various methods. Collected data is then analyzed for results and recommendations. Through the use of qualitative and quantitative data analysis, it was found that the social media phenomenon is overwhelmingly popular among Nigerian youths as well as one of the major contributors to moral degeneration in the country.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>PRESENTATIONS</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.0 INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This chapter covers or outline background of study, problem statement, research objectives and question, study limitation, delimitation, significance of the study, assumptions and definition of terms in more detail manner.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1. Background of the study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Information and communication Technology have revolutionalized every sphere of human society especially the advent of mobile phone which has brought an information and communication revolution worldwide. The world now has become a global village where distances among nations become meaningless. People living thousands of miles away can communicate or even transact with each other instantly. In Pakistan for instance the findings of study show that the new generation there used the mobile phones for interpersonal communication. However, young generation spent more time on average using mobile phones and somewhat agreed that mobile phones reduced face-to-face interaction. Direct interaction is equally important to bring families close to each other, resolve disputes and develop a healthy society. Mobile phones can be used as a tool to strengthen these family relations. In this way a more cohesive society can be developed in this technology boom. Barely a decade ago, few policy analysts, if any, predicted that Africa will be the continent to beat in the uptake of mobile communications. A quiet revolution took place until early 2000 that many began to notice the fast growth of the mobile technology. The demand for mobile phones in Africa in the last few years has been more than most people expected and continues to expand. Operators have traditionally target urban areas, but it is the demand from rural and low income areas that have exceeded all expectations. The use of phones has already become part of African culture. As urban markets become saturated, the next generation of phone users will be rural based, and they have commenced to flood with all sorts of new types of smart phones. The arrival of the cell phone in rural areas has taken Nigeria by storm. It has turned out to be such an amazing transition happening since most people in the start, did not reckon its capacity to gradually become a lifestyle choice. It has certainly changed the way people communicate and becoming a natural necessity for people of Nigeria. This can be seen from the numbers of cell phone units sold in the past years. The cell phones in Nigeria have gone from 1 million in 2002 to 6.5 million in 2006. Some of this boost has found their way into the rural areas of Nigeria and that is what this thesis focuses on. It is not long ago that cell phone was an unfamiliar item for the many inhabitants in rural Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Now that the issue has reached an alarming rate and as it is the tradition in our dear country whenever an issue arises, we point accusing fingers and play the blame game instead of brainstorming on how best to tackle the problem. And that is why this study was chosen to shade limelight on impact of Mobile Phone Usage on moral decadence. According to blogger (Johnston, 2013), the connection between media and morality is almost taken for granted: Plato, for example, banished all storytellers from his imagined Republic except those whose tales were “in accordance with the patterns we laid down when we first undertook the education of our soldiers” because listeners or viewers would, he thought, admire and imitate characters’ bad behaviour. Later thinkers have, for the most part, agreed with Plato, as the moral panics that have greeted new media over the centuries, from novels to comic books to video games, can attest; as well as ongoing concern about the possible negative moral effects of media, there’s also a long tradition of works created specifically to teach the morals we consider to be desirable. But while there’s been a lot of research done on how media exposure affects specific behaviours, relatively little has focused on how it influences our judgment of right and wrong.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Morality for me has more to do with how one relate with other people and to find the right and wrong in how one deals with others and to act rightly of course. The study will investigate on youth moral deterioration in Oredo LGA of Edo State, Nigeria. Specifically, it aimed at finding the gaps of “stakeholders” attribute to youth moral, deterioration; and explore the necessary approaches to restore morality.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2. Problem Statement</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">There has been a marked increase of high school riots, youth always addicted to phones and unwelcomed sexual advances among youths on street and around homes. The recent news of high school student arrested at Nairobi super highway attest to this immoral behaviours on rise. They could be more unreported cyber-crimes happening around youth life. In this regard the researcher will make study and find the main causes of these immoral behaviours among youth and also find among the “stakeholders” effort in restoring moral standards (Oladipo, 2009), argued that parents are the first moral teachers and role models that young people had. Effective parenting characterized with love, care, attachment and trust between parents and children is more likely to lead to children and youths’ good moral behaviour. Nevertheless, ineffective parenting leads to children’s and youths’ bad behavior. The researcher will therefore focus parent as one of the stakeholder to promote good morals thus also administered questionnaire to them In their finding (Bonachristus, Umeogu & Ifeoma, Ojiakor, 2014) that the internet has a double edge sword characteristic in that it can be used for both good and bad. For one and on the good side, it has made education very easy and more accessible. One can be in his/her house and get a degree or socializing. How can one reconcile the two? By spending more time on the socialization networks instead of academic sites, the time meant for studying have been directed towards socializing and it negatively affects youth’s behaviours. According to (Shu-Sha A. G. and Kaver S., 2009), “internet addiction is the use of the Internet to escape from negative feelings, continued use of the Internet despite the desire to stop, experience of unpleasant emotions when Internet use is impossible, thinking about the Internet constantly, and the experience of any other conflicts or self-conflicts due to Internet use”. It is addiction that can cause students to chat while classes are ongoing and even in the church. It is addiction that will cause users to give up sleep all in the name of chatting at the expense of their programmes lined up for the next day A recent news in Daily Nation newspaper in Nigeria is not a welcome too, (Langat, 2015) stated that a group of 550 students, most of them minors, have been arrested in basement in Eldoret where they are suspected to have gone on hedonistic rampage of drugs and possibly sex.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Shocked parents said their children lied that they were going for choir practice, shopping or other innocent errands. Most probably they learn these things from glamour of social media.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1.3.1 General Objectives of the Study</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">To investigate and find on impact of Mobile Phone Usage on moral development among the youth in Oredo LGA, Edo</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1.3.2. Specific Research Objectives</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">I. To find out the extent of youth involvement in social media</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">II. To study the impact of mobile phone usage on their moral behaviour</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">III. To determine the risks that comes with use of mobile phone usage on the Oredo LGA youth.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">IV. To be able engage stakeholder who are moral duty bearers and find ways of mentoring the youth to be just and morally upright citizens</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4. Research questions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. What is the extent of youth involvement with social media?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. What are the impact of mobile phone usage on their moral behavior?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. What determines the risks that comes with use of mobile phone usage on the Oredo LGA youth?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">4. How to engage stakeholder who are moral duty bearers and find ways of mentoring the youth to be just and morally upright citizens?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5. Significance of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Studies indicate that moral values and behaviours are relevant to individuals, society and the nation at large. (Santrock, 2005), explains that children and youth are supposed to grow morally good for their own social and life development. Societies and nations with morally children and youths are more likely to prosper than societies characterized with immorality. Despite the negative effects caused by the gangs in the society and the nation at large, little is known or reported in different parts of the country including Oredo, how social media lure youth into crime. This is what prompted the researcher to investigate the causes for moral deterioration among youths in Oredo LGA. This research will finally answer the questions on what are negative impact of Mobile Phone Usage on moral decadence and the main purpose of this research is acquiring knowledge from the field that is not yet fully explored</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study looks at impact of Mobile Phone Usage on moral development among the youth, its findings will be relevant because it will inform parents, teachers, students and all the relevant stake holders on the impact of mobile phone usage on the moral decadence among teenagers. (Carroll, J.A. & Kirkpatrick, R.L., 2011) The result of this study thus make the youths who in this study are being referred to as teenagers, to be aware of how social media influence their morality negatively. It will also help those working with youths by suggesting some ways in order for them to relate with youth‘s social activities especially with regards of using social media sites. In line with this, those working with youths will know a way how to help them if they encountering problems arising trough social media interaction with others. The parents too will be made knowledgeable on their children‘s purpose of using social media sites and be aware how it affect their children’s moral behaviour. With enough knowledge, parents can think of possible preventive ways if their child is prone to develop a weak interpersonal relationship with other people because of too much addition and dependence of social media sites (Whiteman, 2015). Finally this study will be spring board for other researcher to take on further or use as reference. It is in view of the above; the researcher seeks to investigate the factor contributing to the moral decadence among the youth hence will seek a valuable solution to restore good moral.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6. Study limitations</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study is limited by time and financial resources and as result the research had to source for more financial resources and use alternative means. Since few similar studies have been done especially in institutions of higher learning, there is limited empirical literature on the area of impact of Mobile Phone Usage on moral development among the youth in the context of Nigeria. Another expected limitation is that the youth might fail to give correct information on the basis of invasion of their privacy. The researcher explained to them that the study was purely for academic purposes and not motivated by any other interests whatsoever.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.7 Delimitations The study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">was delimited to only existing schools within Oredo LGA and targeted 70 sample against a population 440 youth sample size. The study was also delimited to questioning and interviewing boys and girls who have access to internet both at home and elsewhere.</span></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><br /></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Psychology </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects </span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #1b3b95; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><a href="https://www.projectmaterial.net/p/psychology-project-topics-and-materials.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">================================================================</span></b><br /></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">51 pages</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;"> Delivery:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="http://www.projectmaterial.net/p/payment-details-page.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5046375591183920903.post-4598241823814948012023-05-22T18:17:00.004+01:002023-05-22T18:17:50.412+01:00VOTING BEHAVIOUR AND DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION: A CASE STUDY OF OYO STATE<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>Abstract</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Election has become the most acceptable means of changing leadership in any given political system. It evaluates the acceptability of government and political leadership by citizens. Thus, attitude of the voters/electorates during or before any election varies from country to country depending on socio-economic-cum-political characteristics of such people or country. The study therefore, interrogates election and voting behaviour in Nigeria. The study is guided with these research questions; Are there reasons for participating in election as a voter in Nigeria, Are there factors that influence voting behaviour during election in Nigeria? The study is a qualitative and quantitative research that relied on primary and secondary sources of data collection. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics to show the impact of voting behaviour on election in Nigeria. The study found that multiple factors influence how people vote during election. Also, there are reasons why people vote, that is voting pattern runs inline in order to satisfy those religious/ethnic interest and personal immediate economic needs. Voters’ accept gratification from politicians to vote for them even when they knew that such persons are not credible. The study recommends a total overhaul of the electoral system; education/creation of awareness to the Nigerian citizens, and to make the elective positions less lucrative and attractive than what is currently obtainable. In this way, those negative factors that influence the voting pattern in Nigeria can be controlled.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>Introduction</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background of study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In liberal democratic theory, an election is a viable mechanism for consummating representative government and voting is the main form of political participation in democratic societies; the study of voting behavior is a highly specialized sub-field in political and social science. There is no gainsaying that credible elections constitute a major factor in democracy, democratization and good governance globally. Elections in democracies help to promote representation of popular will and to secure legitimacy of the political system. However, there is an indicative evidence of the decline in voter electoral participation- the lack of psychological involvement in public affairs, emotional detachment from civic obligations, and a somewhat reserved attitude towards political activity even at the global level. It is imperative therefore, to understand the sources and character of political abstention. Voter electoral behaviour, a subset of political behaviour, has thus emerged as a major problem in mature and emerging democracies, settled and volatile societies, large and thriving economies, as well as small and large ones.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Why do people vote? Why do they not vote? These are pertinent question; there has been much concern in the past few years that the citizens are disengaging from the political process, as shown by the continuing decline in voter turnout at all levels of elections. This leads to serious questions of legitimacy. If fewer than half of all eligible citizens vote and a winning candidate receive a little bit above 50% of the vote, what can we say about mandates and about the power to govern? Are non-voters completely disengaged, or simply engaged in other kinds of political activities that they find more satisfying and more likely to affect their lives?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Voter participatory behaviour impacts upon the electoral process and its outcome. Any serious effort at electoral reforms to bring about free, fair and credible elections must take into account the challenges, especially of voter declining participation in the electoral process. Thus, it became imperative to do a study on the nature, causes, dimensions and consequences of declining voter participatory behaviour, with a view to being adequately informed in designing future strategies to tackle its challenges in the Nigerian context. In a country trying to consolidate democracy after a long history of authoritarian military rule, strategies for mobilizing people for popular participation and effective engagement in the electoral process have to be well conceptualized and carefully designed. In doing this, peoples’ perceptions and attitudes have to be studied, analyzed, understood and taken into consideration. In any case, liberal democracy is in crisis in many countries, developed and developing (Adejumobi, 2002).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In the developed countries the level of citizen participation in the electoral process is dwindling, largely because real choice is limited and the people feel a sense of powerlessness rather than satisfaction. In developing countries, especially in Africa, elections are riddled with tension, conflicts, crises and fraud such that it is difficult to use them as a barometer of the peoples’ choice. Hence, the euphoria of the second wave of democratization in Africa is fast receding. Yesterday’s icons who led civil society in the struggles for democratic renewal have been transformed into the images of those against whom they fought. They have assumed dictatorial postures; they manipulate elections and tend towards sit-tight regimes (Adejumobi 2000).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Nigeria is in the league of less successful countries in the area of election management and outcomes: the electoral rules are either unclear, ever changing, or easily subverted; the electoral body is structurally weak and perennially ineffective; the political actors and agencies are like gladiators in their conduct; while the people are often powerless in an environment of political and electoral misdemeanor. Voting does not amount to choosing in the Nigerian environment, as electoral choices are made by political barons outside the environment of electoral norm, rules and procedure. In such circumstances, ‘winners and losers have often been determined before the contest, and voters merely go through the charade of confirming choices already made’ (Fawole, 2015:15).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The electoral system of any given country plays a fundamental role in sustaining and molding the political behavior of its citizens (Okolo, 2002). The way election is conducted in a country determines to a great extent the level of political culture, political participation and good governance in the country. Therefore, this study intends to fill this gap. This study is guided with two research questions: - 1) Are there reasons for participating in election as a voter in Nigeria? 2) Are there factors that influence voting behaviour during election in Nigeria? The objective of the study is to understand those factors which determine voting behaviour in Oyo state and reasons people give during election in Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Since 1999, when the current democratic dispensation began, Nigeria has witnessed a plethora of defections by politicians. The defection rate is widely believed to be more than any other time in the nation’s political history (Baiyewu 2012). Party defection is not a strange phenomenon in Nigeria; it characterized previous republics, though at a minimal and reasonable level. Today, reasons for this (Party Defection) are not far-fetched as supposed loyal party activists do this with reckless abandon as if this is a new virtue for relevance in party politics. Party defection is always organized with fanfare just as defectors adduce it to ‘being marginalised by former party’ or ‘craving for a platform to move the interest of the people to the desired end’, or moving from darkness to light, or being betrayed by the ruling party or with the usual quote ‘I cannot live among enemies’. In Nigeria, cases abound where a politician defect to four different political parties within one or two years, still repeating these monotonous but mundane excuses, yet incredibly, with admiration from the receiving party on each occasion. State and federal legislators elected on the platform of a particular party have also found value in mainstream politics as a way of defecting to the ruling party, thereby giving the impression that it is a taboo to be in opposition party in Nigeria. It is on these premises that the following questions are raised:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Research Question</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. What are the voting pattern in Oyo state?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. Have parties in Nigeria acquired the strength to create the needed balance that would make Nigerian democracy strong?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. What is the nexus between voting behavior and democratic consolidation in Nigeria?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">4. What are the ills that party defections pose to consolidated democracy in Nigeria?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Objectives of the study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The main objective of this research is to bring to bare the voting pattern in Oyo state.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Subsidiary objectives of the research are as follows:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. To expose reasons why there is the usual voting behavior especially at the peak of elections in Nigeria</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. To analyze how the constitution provisions for party defections in Nigeria have been faulty.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. To explain who actually benefits in the act of party defections in Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Significance of Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study comprises of theoretical and empirical significance. The theoretical significance of this study is that it examines the implications of the2015-2019 party defections on democratic consolidation in Nigeria. Theoretically, the study findings further reaffirms the call for a paradigm shift, the need for political parties to adhere seriously to the principle of internal democracy-cum-various mechanisms to resolve party crisis. Following that line of thought the study enriches the existing stock of literature or expands the frontiers of knowledge through its findings, therefore serves as a source of data/material to those scholars who may be interested in further studies in this area.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The empirical significance of this study will be of immense benefits to Nigerian government, legislature, political leaders, party leaders and politicians so as to bring to their knowledge the ills that numerous defections poses to the democracy which the country was supposed to uphold.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Lastly, the findings of this research will serve as reference documents for further research in the field.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.7 Scope/limitations of study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study focuses on the effects/problems of party defections on democratic consolidation in Nigeria. It also exposes those factors that led to party defections by majority of political actors within the time frame of 2015 and 2019 elections, and their implications on consolidating democracy in the Nigerian society.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Despite the importance of this study, it has faced several limitations which are listed below</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. Lack of relevant literature especially on the 2019 elections which would have helped to enhance the study.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. Time constraints stand to be another problem.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. Financial constraints was also another problem</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Though this has not contravened the originality and authenticity of this study</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.8 Definition of Terms</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Political party: these are organized group of people who come together to pursue specific policies and objectives with the motive of taking control of state power, by acting together as a political unit.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Democracy: this is a form of government that has to do with the involvement of the people, in the governing process of their society directly or indirectly through their elected representatives. For a government to be described as democratic, the following tenets should be observable within the polity; supremacy of the law, equality before the law, maintenance of the basic and fundamental rights, free and fair periodic elections, tolerance of opposition, transparency and accountability in governance, freedom of press, high political participation, protection of minority rights and disadvantaged groups and a strong institutional system of checks and balances.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Democratic consolidation: this could be defined as a deliberate political process that requires habituation to the norms, tenets and procedures of democracy within a polity, in such a way that the citizenry accepts it and works together towards ensuring that the uncertainty of its existence is greatly narrowed down.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Political Science </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects </span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #1b3b95; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><a href="https://www.projectmaterial.net/p/political-science-project-topics-and.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">================================================================</span></b><br /></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">40 pages</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;"> Delivery:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="http://www.projectmaterial.net/p/payment-details-page.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5046375591183920903.post-48511639849882447172023-05-22T18:17:00.003+01:002023-05-22T18:17:36.425+01:00AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE PROBLEMS OF TEACHING PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY IN ISI UZO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ENUGU STATE<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study concerned itself with effective Chemistry practical in secondary schools. It examined whether the way practical experiences were presented by the teachers and students’ engagement in them enhanced the attainment of goals of practical work. The procedure of conducting practical work in Chemistry was of great concern and more specifically, the skills emphasised during practical work in Chemistry lessons.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study was conducted in Isi Uzo Local Government Area of Nigeria and adopted a descriptive survey design. The main population for the study comprised all the 47 public secondary schools in the province from which 9 sample schools were selected using a combination of stratified, purposive and systematic sampling procedures.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study utilised questionnaires, lesson observation schedules and document analysis guide to collect data. Data collection was preceded by a pilot study mainly to determine the reliability of the instruments. On analysis of data from the pilot study, the instruments were found to be reliable. Data collected during the main study was analysed utilizing Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 10.0.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Today we are living in the age of science and technology. Scientific inventions and discoveries have revolutionalised our lives. Science is nothing but knowledge so obtained by observations, readings, experimentation and realization.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Science subjects constitute a major part of the subjects being offered in most post primary institutions in Nigeria today. These subjects are so important that the Federal government National Policy on Education (2004) in specific terms states that “the secondary school Education shall provide trained manpower in the applied sciences and technology’’.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The importance attached to science by the Federal government could be due to the general belief that science is capable of improving and changing skills, attitudes, and cognition by increasing pupil’s store of knowledge about themselves, their environment and their world. The development of any nation which depends on science and technology, hinges on science Education, science has been viewed as an instrument that can aid development in many countries. It plays important and dominant roles in spear heading technological advancements, promoting national wealth, improving health, and accelerating industrialization (Validya, 2003).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Chemistry as one of the science subjects is basic for understanding the complexities of modern technology and essential for technological advancement of a nation. This aspect of science is making significant contributions to many of the inventions that are shaping modern day, and has helped to explain many of the events being encountered in everyday life. Chemistry is one of the pre-requisite subjects for the study of engineering technological, medical and other applied science courses, in the University. Chemistry provide training for a vast range of carriers where it is either employed directly or where the skills developed can be applied in innovative ways in other fields. Despite its importance, Chemistry remain the least favored science subject among students generally, only a few students choose to study Chemistry at O. Level and subsequently at higher degree. Students performs poorly in Chemistry, lack of practical work may be an important reason for students for poor content knowledge and understanding of Chemistry at secondary school level in Nigeria (Millar, 2004).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">There is a serious shortage of students and teachers of Chemistry in Nigerian secondary schools, this is generating concern among science educators, and researchers are increasingly exploring why students avoid the subject, over the years student of Chemistry in secondary school have found it extremely difficult to perform well in the subject (Nelkon & Ogbon, 1988).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Studies have been carried out to find out the cause of such poor performance. Poor performance of students in Chemistry could be linked to students practical ability (Olabanji, 1997), supported by Akanbi (2003) that poor performance in Chemistry may be due to inadequate laboratory equipment, and facilities which make the present study imperative.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Chemistry as a course of study is perceived to be experimental, the understanding of practical aspect may help students to learn Chemistry concepts. The educational objectives of Chemistry education cannot be fully realized if student’s performance in both Chemistry theory and practical are not balanced (Aina, 2011).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">For the mere fact that Chemistry has been severally labeled as the most conceptually difficult subject, particularly the practical aspect of the subject, it is important to explore the underlying difficulties that might impede quality learning in the subject, in the context of Nigerian school environment. The aim of this study is to identify problems associated with conducting effective Chemistry practical in senior secondary schools in Isi Uzo Local Government Area.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of the Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The purpose of this study is to make a critical appraisal of the problems hindering the conduct of Chemistry practical and advance suggestion that will enhance the effectiveness, and efficiency of the conduct of Chemistry practical in senior secondary schools within Isi Uzo Local Government Area.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">A close look at the ways Chemistry practical is handled in most of our secondary schools indicate that probably students were made to merely see Chemistry as a collection of rules. However, it is assumed that proper conduct and involvement of students in Chemistry</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">practical has became less valued, Chemistry students are likely to be passive listeners even in the laboratory, as they watch teachers carry out the teaching theoretically or carry out demonstration or experiments (Anele, 2011).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Other assumed problems may include that students are not encouraged to consider practical work useful for the development of scientific skills and attitudes. Another problem confronting the learning and conduct of Chemistry practical in schools is the lack of equipment and facilities and their inadequacy (in some case) which hinder the effectiveness of learning Chemistry in schools (Jegede & Okebukola, 1995; Nwaokolo, 1998; Anikweze, 2000; Anele, 2001).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Allocation of time to Chemistry practical in school lesson time table is insufficient, activities to be undertaken therefore suffer. This constitutes an enormous problem to the proper conduct of Chemistry practical in school (Mistler, Dackson & Butler, 2000; Polman, 2000).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Chemistry teachers stress is another problem confronting the conduct of Chemistry practical in schools. A stress results when the teacher’s experience is unpleasant, given rise to tension, frustration, anger, anxiety, and depression, poor working conditions resulting from lack of practical equipments for conducting effective Chemistry practical have been identified as the source of stress in some part of the world (Akpan, 2001). This is not a unique case in the Nigerian context. Chemistry teachers in Nigeria find these poor working condition stressful (Jegede & Okebukola, 1995).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Other problems encountered by students in conducting Chemistry practical in senior schools include:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">- Lack of good practical supervision</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">- Lack of practical manuals.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">- Inadequate qualified Chemistry teachers in secondary schools.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">- Lack of motivation</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">- Poor laboratory condition</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">- Poor Chemistry practical apparatus</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">- Problems in setting apparatus</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">- Problem in relating Chemistry practical with Chemistry theory.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Objectives of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. To identify Problems encountered by chemistry teachers in conducting effective practical work in secondary school Chemistry</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. To describe the procedure of conducting practical work in secondary school Chemistry</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Research Questions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. What is the state of laboratories in secondary schools in Isi Uzo Local Government Area?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. What skills are emphasized by teachers in teaching practical work in secondary school Chemistry?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. What are the attitudes of the students towards practical work in secondary school Chemistry?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">4. What are the attitudes of the teachers towards teaching Chemistry practical work in secondary schools?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Significance of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">provide a framework for teachers on which they could re-evaluate their instructional strategies during practical work in Chemistry for the enhancement of effective teaching and learning provide insight for the curriculum designers into the kind of practical experiences in secondary school Chemistry needed to aid sound understanding of scientific concepts and principles provide a framework for the NECO on which the council could re-evaluate their goals and objectives so that the practices during secondary school practical Chemistry were in line with what the curriculum demanded of students.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 Scope and Limitations of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Scope:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study was carried out in Isi Uzo Local Government Area in the southern part of Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">It was conducted in few selected secondary schools and involved only Chemistry teachers and few selected Form three students in Isi Uzo Local Government Area.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">It focused only on the practical aspect of secondary school Chemistry. It is however clear that the overall grade in NECO Chemistry is a contribution of both theory and practical examination and given as a grade for performance in Chemistry.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Limitations:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">It was not possible to generalize the results to the whole country since the study was conducted only in a few selected secondary schools in Isi Uzo Local Government Area.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">It was not possible to generalise the results to Chemistry since only the practical aspect of secondary school Chemistry was considered in this study.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Education </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects </span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #1b3b95; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><a href="https://www.projectmaterial.net/p/education-project-topics.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">================================================================</span></b><br /></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">61 pages</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;"> Delivery:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="http://www.projectmaterial.net/p/payment-details-page.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5046375591183920903.post-65561977395600732102023-05-22T18:17:00.002+01:002023-05-22T18:17:24.951+01:00CHOLERA AWARENESS AND EXPOSURE TO HEALTH COMMUNICATION MESSAGES<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>Abstract</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study focused on ‘Role of health communication messages in creating awareness on Cholera Outbreaks in Ebonyi State’. Cholera as we all know had from time to time besieged Ebonyi State leading to the death of hundreds and thousands affected and infected. The dreaded illness has continued to increase in our society despite all efforts to put a stop to it, hence this study which looked at what radio with its enormous power can do to put a stop to the disease. The research work adopted two theoretical frameworks in carrying out the research. The theories are Social Responsibility and Agenda Setting Theories. In the research methodology, survey research method was used in data gathering. In the survey, three local government areas of Ebonyi State were randomly selected from the three senatorial zones of Ebonyi State namely: Ezza North, Ohaozara and Ohaukwu. For easy understanding, tables were used in the data presentation of the study. According to the findings of the research work, radio plays a significant role in shaping the health life pattern of its audience in general but the health policy makers do not liaise with radio health programmers during disease outbreak like cholera. Therefore, this study recommends that they should be synergy between radio health programmers and health policy makers, if the battle against cholera outbreaks in Ebonyi state must be worn.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Keywords: Radio, Cholera Outbreak, Ebonyi, Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background of study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">It is health that is real wealth and not piece of gold or silver. (Gandhi, 1927). Sanitation is a long-standing, public health issue. When early people settled in communities and started to cultivate crops and raise animals, sanitation became a primary concern for society. Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease worldwide and improving sanitation is known to have a significant beneficial impact on health both in households and across communities. Good basic personal hygiene and hand washing are critical to help prevent the spread of illness and disease. Keeping hands clean helps prevent the spread of germs. Hand washing with soap is the best way to reduce the number of germs on them. Bad sanitation and poor hygiene have to coincide with people carrying the Vibrio Cholerae before cholera outbreak could occur.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Cholera is one of the most widespread and deadly diseases of the 19th century, killing an estimated tens of millions of people. It is estimated that cholera affects 3-5 million people worldwide, and causes 100,000-130,000 deaths a year as of 2010. (WHO report, 2010). This occurs mainly in the developing world. More than 100,000 people die from the disease every year, with the majority of cases in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cholera remains both epidemic and endemic in many areas of the world.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Recently, cholera outbreak engulfed Nigeria. Ebonyi State as one of the 36 states of Nigeria is not an exception to this as 20 persons lost their lives in different Local Government areas of the state. According to Ebonyi State Director of Public Health and Disease control, Chris Achi, “Some of the Local Government Areas affected are: Abakaliki, Izzi, Ebonyi, Ohaukwu, Ishielu, Ezza North and Ohaozara”. It is my desire to ascertain the role of health communication messages in curbing cholera outbreaks in Ebonyi State that necessitated this research work.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Cholera is a natural disease of epidemic proportion. It is caused by a comma-shaped rod like, motile, Gram negative bacterium called Vibrio cholera, with the characteristics of acute water diarrhoea, vomiting, muscle cramps and severe dehydration (Kaper, 1995). It is an ancient disease reported globally and associated with high mortality and morbidity rate. “This live threatening infection has an estimated annual burden of 204 million cases in endemic areas” (Ali, 2012:90). “The world has experienced seven major pandemics of this disease since the early 19th century” (Faruque, 1998:102). “The first six were caused by toxigenic strains of classical (CL) biotype, serogroup 01, which was reported to have originated from India, while the current 7th is caused by V. cholera 01 of the EI tor biotype” (Zhang, 2014:58).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">According to World Health Organisation Report (2012:77), “In Africa, majority of cases between early 1990 and 2013 occurred in Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria, Somalia, Tanzania and South Africa. In Nigeria, the first recorded case of Cholera was in a village near Lagos, on 26th December 1970 with 22,931 cases and 2,945 deaths”.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The relevance of good health to man, has been emphasised by Anibueze (2008). According to him, “Look to your health, and if you have it, praise God, and value it next to good conscience, for health is the second blessing that we mortals are capable of; a blessing that money cannot buy”. It is the premium value placed on health as a precious gift that society cannot afford to neglect issues related to it. The situation explains why health is treated with utmost care by countries and government all over the world.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Biological and cultural factors are combined to drive the principles of achieving optimal health. In countries where Cholera is endemic, there are myths and divergent perceptions on the real cause(s) of the disease. Consequently, there are variations in approach towards the control and containment of the epidemic in Africa, while some people believe that cholera is as a result of “miasma” (bad air) as postulated in the 19th century, or “anger of the gods”, others are of the opinion that it is due to the presence of witchcraft and black magic. (Erinosho 2001). These wrong perceptions have their consequences on disease management. Like in other countries of the world, recurrent episodes of cholera in Nigeria in general and Ebonyi in particular could be stopped if the predisposing factors and aetiology are well understood. This has not been the case because at each outbreak, effort at ameliorating and controlling the epidemic are reactive, unfortunately evidence of sustainable practices is lacking.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The role of mass media in education, information and enlightenment of the people on health related issues like HIV/AIDS, Cancer, Hypertension, Cholera among others has been identified by communication scholars and health policy makers. One the means of doing this by the mass media, is through the dissemination of health programmes on radio. In Ebonyi State, there have been a lot of health programmes ongoing on radio stations (Ebonyi State Broadcasting Corporation, (EBBC) or Radio Nigeria Unity Fm, Abakaliki). Inspite of public enlightenment programmes, there are still much number of Cholera cases in the state. This frequent and regular cases of cholera outbreak in the state drew the attention of the researcher of this work to determine the role radio plays in curbing disease outbreak(s) and the role radio is expected to play in curbing cholera outbreaks among residents of Ebonyi State.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">There is no do doubt that millions of people globally perish annually due to cholera outbreak. (WHO Report, 2010). Cholera has been identified as one of the greatest enemies of humanity across the world for its devastating effects, socially, economically and politically, ranging from economic hardship to lose of lives. In Ebonyi State, the situation is not different. Cholera has become a major health issue that kills people regularly in the State. Despite different palliative measures taken individually and collectively from both local, state and national levels, the disease still ravage our society unabated. Such palliative measures which were misdirected includes; the organisation of seminars, administration of drugs only to mention but few. The above measures failed due to the reach, irregular nature and corrupt tendencies of personnel used.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">According to Nwokocha (1999), radio has grass root appeal. Its messages can be translated into local languages and dialects. More so, radio receivers are also relatively cheap and affordable even in rural areas. The portability of radio sets and the fact that they can be powered by ordinary batteries (apart from electricity) brings to the fore, radio’s added advantage over other mass media”.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Despite the above advantages of radio in mobilizing and enlightening the people on the dangers, preventive strategies and treatment of cholera, Cholera has continued to kill many people in Ebonyi State of Nigeria. This is not just unconnected to inadequate radio health programmes on cholera but also on the time schedule for such health programmes. More to that, language of such health programmes are in most times inappropriate for the category of audience such programmes intends to reach.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Objectives of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">On a general note, the research has the objective to examine effectiveness of radio in creating awareness on cholera outbreak in Ebonyi State. Be that as it may, the following are the specific objectives of this research study;</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">i. To find out whether radio station in Ebonyi state air programme on health issues on Cholera</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">ii. To ascertain whether the people in Ebonyi understand the content of health programmes of radio stations in Ebonyi State.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">iii. To know whether the time schedule for health programmes especially on Cholera in Ebonyi State radio stations is appropriate for it.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">iv. To determine the extent health programmes of radio stations in Ebonyi State influence people’s way of living, health wise.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">v. To find out if there is a synergy between radio health programmers and health policy makers in curbing cholera in Ebonyi State?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Research Questions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">To find out the role of health communication messages in curbing cholera outbreak in Ebonyi State, the researcher formulated the following research questions;</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">RQ1: Do radio stations in Ebony State air health programmes on issues of Cholera?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">RQ2: Do people understand the content of the radio programmes?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">RQ3: Is the time schedule for health programmes especially on Cholera by radio stations in Ebonyi State best appropriate for it?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">RQ4: To what extent do health programmes on radio influence people’s way of living in Ebonyi?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">RQ5: Is there a synergy in radio programme drafting and health policy makers in curbing cholera in Ebonyi State?</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Public Health </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects </span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #1b3b95; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><a href="https://www.projectmaterial.net/p/public-health-project-topics-and.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">================================================================</span></b><br /></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">45 pages</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;"> Delivery:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="http://www.projectmaterial.net/p/payment-details-page.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5046375591183920903.post-69471444090085003922023-05-22T18:17:00.001+01:002023-05-22T18:17:12.150+01:00MOTIVATION AND PERFORMANCE IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study attempts to assess the effects of motivation on employee performance using field data collected at Government House in Abuja. Correlation technique was employed to find out the relationship between two variables. Regression technique also was used to find out to which extent one variable affect the other using coefficient results. Correlation results for salary is 0.589, Transport benefits 0.421, medical benefits 0.395, extra duty allowance 0.421, carrier achievement 0.562, promotion benefits 0.672 and correlation for recognition is 0.407 which reveal existence of positive relationship between motivation and employees’ performance and therefore implying that the increase in motivation will lead to increase in employees’ performance. This situation insists on increasing attention to employee motivation practice in order to improve employee performance. The findings suggest enhancement of current motivation package by incorporating both intrinsic such as promotion, recognition, support for carrier achievement and extrinsic motivation factors such as salary, extra duty allowance, transport allowance, medical benefits will help optimum utilization of human resources as well as increasing employees’ performance. Furthermore there is pressing need to develop organisation motivation policy that will help the Government management properly handling motivation function.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background to the Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Motivation is one of the most important factors affecting human behavior. Motivation not only affects other cognitive factor like perception and learning but also affects total performance of an individual in organization setting. This is the reason why managers should attach great importance to motivation in organization (Prasad, 2005).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Motivation seems to be one of the most important tools for retaining employees and increases productivity. Organizations design motivation systems to encourage employees to perform in the most effective way and attract potential candidates. One of many ways to motivate employees is to give rewards and incentives for good performance (Memmott and Growers, 2012).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Every human being has got a push behind him/her to do something, organization with wise management should conduct research on such human behaviors as well as effective and efficient way to achieve organization objective. In such situation motivation becomes important as it makes better utilization of resources and workers abilities and capabilities (Scott, 1987).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Motivation is among crucial factor towards increasing the performance so as to achieve organization goals. Low motivation or complete lack of motivation at any organization within Nigeria or across the world leads to high employees’ inefficiency, turnover, fraud, corruption, absenteeism, and indiscipline at work. Good Supervisors and Managers maintains positive attitude by valuing employees and treating them fairly through designing supportive environment which motivates employees. The key to create the efficient motivation system is by answering the question on what really motivate employees (Memmott and Growers, 2012).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The significance of employee motivation is influencing employees to behave in a certain ways, motivation can ultimately decide the success or failure of an organisation. If an organisation knows why its employees come to work on time, stay with the an organisation for their full working lives and are productive, then the organisation may be able to assure that all of their employees and such understanding is essential to improve productivity. This imply that organisation success depend heavily on motivation and managers must understand what motivate their employees to perform better (Matsei, 2008).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Motivation function is among major task that should be handled by every organisation with better performance dreams. Motivation is a major task for every manager in creating the will of work among subordinates. Workers in any organization need something to push and keep him/her working for an organisation therefore an employee should be motivated to work for an organisation, if no motivation given then the quality of work or all work in general will be distorted (Mbogo,2013).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Pay and incentive in public service aim to compensate for work done, motivate and retain employees to avoid the need for expensive recruitment and training for replacement. It is in this context that The Government of Nigeria continues with efforts to motivate its workforce (Nigeria Public Service Pay and incentive Policy, 2010).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of the Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Employee’s and organisation performance mostly depends on employee motivation. Low motivation affects employees and organisation performance. Motivated employees’ are royal, committed, and productive and provide good services to the organisation. Employer should exercise employee motivation through the series of rewards for job well done and better organisational performance (Sevanson, 2011) Although the Government of Nigeria has made an effort in enhancing compensation in the Public services but the increase did not result in convergence between public service pay level and those of the labour market comparators. A sizable gap still remains.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">However the study on staffing problem in Nigeria conducted in 2008 on staff motivation, attraction and retention revealed that there some motivational problem existing in public services including lack of special incentives, lack of supplementary income opportunities, lack of quality housing, inaccessibility to social services such as education, health, water and electricity in working environment (Nigeria Public Service pay and incentive policy, 2010).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Some of researchers have just expressed problem of motivation in public sector in their studies, for example Gisela, (2014) conducted a study on “effects of motivation factors on employees’ job performance” and found existence of mismatch of employer rewards and employee’s need that affects employees peformance.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Despite the fact that Medium Term Pay Policy and Medium Term Pay Reform Strategy recognized the importance of non-pay factors in improved work performance due to motivation derived no system approach have been developed till now to incorporate them into the public service Also, pay and incentive levels in the public service especially for technical, professional and lower group cadre are still low leading to poor performance and low job satisfaction. For employees to carry out their duties effectively they have to be well motivated both intrinsically and extrinsically. A well-motivated employee seems to undertake tasks for his/her own sake (Nigeria Public Service pay and incentive policy, 2010).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Therefore completion of this study will improve motivation practice in public sector so as to improve employees and organisation performance.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Research Objective</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This part constitute general objective and specific objectives.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1.3.1 General Objective</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">To assess the effects of motivation on employees’ performance at Government House.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1.3.2 Specific Objectives</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">i) To identify different type’s motivation offered at Government House.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">ii) To examine the relationship between motivation and employee performance.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">iii) To determine challenges towards effective motivation practice at Government House.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Research Questions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">i) What kind of motivation tools offered at Government House?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">ii) What is the relationship between of motivation and employee’s performance?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">iii) What are challenges toward effective motivation at Government House?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 Research Hypothesis</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">H0: There is no positive relationship between salary and employees’ performance</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">H0: There is no positive relationship between support in carrier achievement and employees’ performance</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">H0: There is no positive relationship between employees’ recognition and performance.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">H0: there is no significance difference between motivation among ages of respondents</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.7 Significance of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Completion of this study intended to help employer to develop new regards towards motivation function in public sectors through development better motivation program that will help to improve employee performance and organizations performance.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Also the study was to contribute in knowledge acquisition for academicians when undertaking further studies in the relevant field with readily evidenced academic materials.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Furthermore the study intended to help Government policy maker to develop efficient Public Service pay and incentive policy so that it brings greater positive effect on employee performance.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.8 Scope of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study covered Government House located in Abuja as a public sector where selection of the particular institution was based on accessibility to researcher for data collection and limited time and financial resources.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Public Administration </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects </span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #1b3b95; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><a href="https://www.projectmaterial.net/p/public-administration-project-topics.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; 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Nosocomial infection with high case fatality rate of the disease has been described primarily in the hospital settings in many West African countries including Cross River state. The nosocomial spread is due to the current state of the health system, leading to poor medical practice. Hospitalized patients with LF may pose a substantial risk to health care workers (HCWs) and to other patients (Lavergne et al., 2016). Late diagnosis and wrong treatment are factors that can increase the likelihood of nosocomial transmission. Therefore, it is important that health care providers working in endemic communities have adequate knowledge on the disease, its clinical features and diagnosis (Ea, Da, Ec, Og, & Ebhodaghe, 2013).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Objectives: The study assessed knowledge, attitudes and practices and determined factors influencing them among health care providers working in five health facilities of Ogoja LGA in Cross Rivers state (the general hospitals, two health centres in the urban area and another two health centres in the urban area).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey and quantitative approach was used to collect data. Pre-coded structured questionnaire were used to conduct interviews. All health professionals who were working in these selected health facilities were enrolled into the study, if found eligible. Statistical analysis was done in Stata (version 14.1) Software. Frequency distribution was done to compute proportions on good KAP, gender, religion, educational level, and occupation. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the strength of association between the knowledge and attitudes and each independent </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">variable to assess the strength of association looking at the adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Results: Sixty-three out of the 195 respondents (32.3%) had no idea what Lassa fever was. Of the remaining one hundred and thirty-two, 67.7% (132/195) who had heard about Lassa fever, their knowledge was accessed with a sixteen item questionnaire on knowledge according to case definition. Nearly forty-nine percent (64/132) had good knowledge about Lassa fever (p = 0.485; 95% CI = 0.4 – 0.6). Ninety-five percent of health professionals (186/195) were found to have good attitude towards a suspected case of Lassa fever (p = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.91 – 0.97). With regards to practice, all health professionals had good practices in dealing with a suspicious case of Lassa fever.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Conclusion: The study revealed a general low level of knowledge of LF disease among the HCWs. Most of the HCWs had good attitudes and all of them had good practices towards LF. Age and number of years of work were found to influence knowledge but not attitudes and practices. There was not statistical significant difference in the KAP of HCWs working in the general hospital compare to those working in the health centres. HCWs in urban HC had better attitude compare to those in the rural ones. The Ministry of Health, Cross River state should plan more training on Lassa Fever with emphasis on other professionals as much as medical doctors.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1.1.1 Lassa Fever Burden</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Lassa fever (LF) is a zoonotic acute viral haemorrhagic fever caused by the Lassa virus (LASV). It was first described in north eastern Nigeria (Lassa, in Borno state, in the Yedseran River valley at the South end of Lake Chad) in 1969 (Ajayi et al., 2014). It is endemic in Benin, Cross River state, Liberia, Mali, Sierra Leone, and Nigeria with peaks in incidence closely related to season. Same cases have also been reported into western countries where LF is not endemic but was imported by returning travellers in Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, US and UK (Ea et al., 2013). According to the World Health Organization LF affects between 100,000 to 300,000 persons in West Africa per year and approximately 5,000 deaths (WHO, 2007). Around 80% of infected individuals are asymptomatic or have mild symptoms while 20% progress to disease. Case fatality rate is estimated to be around 15% among those who develop severe disease. However, in 2016, the mortality rate was reported to be above 50%. Pregnant women with LF have a high mortality rate especially in the third trimester. Recovered LF patients may experience hearing loss as well as other neurologic side effects (WHO, 2017). Based on prospective studies performed in four of the most affected countries, Cross River state, Sierra- Leone, Liberia, and Nigeria, Richmond and Baglole in the year 2003, estimated that 59 million people are at risk of primary LASV infections with an annual incidence of disease as high as 3 million and as many as 67,000 deaths per year (Lukashevich, 2012). LF affects all age-groups and gender with a seasonal clustering around the late rainy season and dry season (Olowookere et al., 2017).</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1.1.2 Lassa Virus Infection</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Lassa fever is an acute and occasionally severe rodent- borne viral haemorrhagic fever, with cases in humans geographically constrained to sub-Saharan West Africa (Gibb, Moses, Redding, & Jones, 2017). LASV is an arenavirus enveloped and contains two single-stranded RNA segments of ambience polarity encoding five proteins (N. E. Yun et al., 2012). The natural host of LASV is the multi-mammate rat, Mastomys natalensis which is commonly found in human households and eaten as a delicacy in several African countries and lives in close contact with humans (Olugasa et al., 2014). LF is symptomatic in about 20% of cases when it causes an acute illness with nonspecific symptoms such as fever and general weakness, headache, chest pain, vomiting, diarrhoea, cough, pleural effusion, bleeding from orifices, and in the late stages, sometimes disorientation and coma (Olowookere et al., 2017). Deaths from LF is due to the effective reduction of circulating volume of the blood which can cause shock, and multi-organ system failure (Shaffer et al., 2014). Presently, there is no licensed vaccine or immunotherapy available for prevention or treatment of this disease. The antiviral drug ribavirin has been demonstrated to reduce fatality from 55% to 5%, but only if it is administered within 6 days after the onset of symptoms (Branco et al., 2011). LF presents with nonspecific symptoms similar to many other endemic illnesses in West Africa, that making it difficult to diagnose clinically; therefore, laboratory testing is needed to confirm the diagnosis (Raabe & Koehler, 2017).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Humans contract LASV primarily through contact with excreta of its natural host. Although uncommon, secondary transmission of LASV between humans may occur through direct contact with infected blood or bodily secretions, such as saliva, vomit, stool, or urine (Bausch, Hadi, Khan, & Lertora, 2010). Human infections tend to be focal with periodic familial or village clusters with secondary cases due to person-to-person spread. Infections peak between January and May – during the dry season, but cases are seen year round (Gibb et al., 2017). In this second type of contamination nosocomial transmission plays an important role. According to Lavergne et al., nosocomial infection with high case fatality rate has been described primarily in the hospital settings in many West African countries including Cross River state. The nosocomial spread is due to the current state of the health system, leading to poor medical practices. Hospitalized patients with LF may pose a substantial risk to health care workers (HCWs) and to other patients (Lavergne et al., 2016). This nosocomial hazard can be minimized by proper and timely infection-control measures, careful management of infected patients, and, in some cases, administration of prophylactic therapy to HCWs after exposure. Late diagnosis and wrong treatment are factors that can increase the likelihood of nosocomial transmission (Ea et al., 2013). Since no human vaccine exists and therapeutic options are limited to the broad-spectrum antiviral ribavirin, rodent control and adjusting human behaviour are currently considered to be the only options for LASV prevention (Mariën, Kourouma, Magassouba, Leirs, & Fichet- Calvet, 2018). Late diagnosis and wrong treatment are factors that can increase the likelihood of nosocomial transmission and adverse outcomes.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">HCWs are potentially exposed to blood-borne pathogens through contact with infected body parts, blood and other body fluids in the course of their work. It has been estimated that each year, as many as three million HCWs all over the world experience percutaneous exposure to blood-borne viruses Hepatitis C and B and HIV viruses. Apart from these pathogens, LASV is fast gaining prominence as an emerging nosocomial transmitted pathogen with significant public health impact in the West African sub region (Ekaete Alice, Akhere, Ikponwonsa, & Grace, 2013).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Therefore, important that health care providers working in endemic communities have adequate knowledge of the disease through its clinical presentation and its diagnosis. Because, when these HCWs are themselves ignorant of the disease, the tendency to misdiagnose and treat wrongly not only puts the health worker at risk, but also endangers the lives of the close family contacts and community at large. HCWs in the endemic area should have comprehensive information about the virus and the disease it causes.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Problem Statement</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Viral haemorrhagic fevers like Lassa fever are among the most feared diseases due to their high case fatality rates, severe clinical presentations and ease of transmission. Unlike most viral haemorrhagic fevers, which are recognized only when outbreaks occur. LF is endemic in West Africa, with an estimated tens of thousands of cases annually (Shaffer et al., 2014). Since the identification of LASV, human- to-human transmission has been documented in several nosocomial outbreaks, leading to an initial perception that the virus was both highly contagious and virulent (Lo Iacono et al., 2015). The availability of laboratory testing has been limited by the designation of Lassa virus as a category (Raabe & Koehler, 2017). A pathogen by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). Biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) precautions are recommended for handling potentially infectious specimens (Raabe & Koehler, 2017).</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Existence of signs common to LF and other diseases such as malaria (fever, asthenia, vomiting) which is an endemic disease, leading cause of consultation in health facilities in Cross River state (30% of consultations). It is very difficult for HCWs to identify Lassa fever’s patient because of similarity of its signs and symptoms of another tropical diseases. Additionally in West African towns and villages where there are no facilities for laboratory diagnosis, most Lassa fever infections are treated as malaria (Ogbu, 2014). Therefore it is imperative that health care workers in endemic communities are adequately sensitized on the disease, it’s clinical features and diagnosis (Ea et al., 2013).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The difficulty of distinguishing between patients with LF and other patients suffering from most tropical diseases due to the similarity of symptoms and clinical signs and the absence of a diagnostic laboratory in this endemic area endanger health providers and increase the risk of developing nosocomial infections due to LASV. Hence the need to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of health providers in this community.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The reasons for choosing the city of Ogoja are based on the fact that previous studies have revealed an endemicity of LF in this city (Lukashevich et al. 2012; Klempa et al., 2013). Between 1990 and 1992 a large epidemiological investigation into the activity of LASV in the human populations of the Republic of Cross River state was conducted by Lukashevich et al. (2012). They sampled 25 villages, distributed in different prefectures to establish the LASV antibody prevalence using the ELISA assay. Their results allowed to calculate the average of seroprevalence by prefecture. Thus, the prevalence of LF in the city of Ogoja was 35% or 149/420 (Klempa et al., 2013) A second important aspect is the proven presence of native rodents belonging to the genus Mastomys which represents both the reservoir and the vector of LASV in some villages of Ogoja.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The Community Health Center of Ogoja which is the reference hospital of all this region and primary health centres which have been selected for this study are health facilities where a very large number of patients is coming for health care. Thus these health facilities could also receive any type of LF case because they are located in an endemic LASV area. Since the load of patients is heavier, HCWs are more likely to contract the disease and so their knowledge, attitudes and practices are critical.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Justification of Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study seeks to assess Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices among people attending primary health care LF in 5 health facilities of the prefecture of Ogoja in Cross River state.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The reasons for this study are first of all, no studies has yet been published on of health care personnel regarding infections (nosocomial) LF in this locality of the country. Secondly, the level of the KAP and the quality of the attitudes and practices of the caregivers make them most vulnerable to a disease as transmissible as LF and therefore deserves to be evaluated and known by the authorities in charge of health in the country. In addition to significantly enriching the medical literature, this study will provide novel empirical evidence to support efforts of previous basic research on LF in Cross River state. It will also be of great value to health care workers, medical researchers, the Governments of other countries in sub-Saharan Africa where this disease is endemic, as it provides general overview of the problem. Finally, this study will serve as a resource for other researchers who may want to undertake a similar study in other cities in the country or in other countries.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The difficulty of clinically distinguishing patients with FL and other patients suffering from most tropical diseases due to the similarity of symptoms and clinical signs and the absence of a diagnostic laboratory in this endemic area, thus putting at risk the HCWs who work there and increasing the risk of developing nosocomial infections due to LASV are among other reasons for choosing this topic. Hence the need to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of health providers in this community.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Research Questions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">• What is the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the health care workers on Lassa fever in hospitals in Ogoja?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">• How does socio-demographic factors influence practices of healthcare professionals?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">• Is there a (statistically significant) difference between the KAP of HCWs who are working at the Community Health Center and the KAP of those who are working in the health centres?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">• Is there a (statistically significant) difference between the KAP of HCWs who are working in the urban health centres and those who are working in rural health centres?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Objectives General objective</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">To assess knowledge, attitudes and practices of HCWs on LF in 5 health facilities of Ogoja LGA in Cross Rivers state and determine whether KAPs differ by place of work (Rural vs Urban or Regional vs Health Centres)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The specific objectives of study are</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. To determine the proportion of HCWs having good knowledge about LF.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. To determine the proportion of HCWs having good attitudes and good practices in dealing with a suspected case of L.F.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. To identify socio-demographic factors that could influence the KAP of HCWs working in these 5 health facilities on LF.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">4. To assess whether KAP of HCWs vary by type of facility (General Hospital vs Health centres) and place of work ( Rural vs Urban)</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Public Health </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects </span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #1b3b95; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><a href="https://www.projectmaterial.net/p/public-health-project-topics-and.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">================================================================</span></b><br /></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">42 pages</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;"> Delivery:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="http://www.projectmaterial.net/p/payment-details-page.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5046375591183920903.post-10180810919598046532023-05-22T18:16:00.003+01:002023-05-22T18:16:50.013+01:00AGENCY PROBLEM AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN NIGERIA<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study seeks to ascertain and critically examine agency problem and corporate social Responsibility in Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The objectives of the study are to establish the possibility of agency problems being reduced through creation or CSR commission; to examine the impact of agency problems on organization CSR in Nigeria and to examine the relationship between organization’s corporate social Responsibility and its’ financial performance.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The researcher used the primary data through the administration of questionnaires to sample respondents view and opinion on the subject matter. The results revealed that majority of the responses were in affirmative with the objectives of the study as shown by the descriptive statistics in chapter four.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">T – test was used to test the hypotheses raised in the introductory chapter. The test of the hypotheses also affirmed the objectives of this study.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">We concluded that there is a great need to resolve and reduce the agency problems in relation to corporate social responsibility in Nigeria so that the financial performance of corporate organization can be guaranteed.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background of The Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">For the past few decades, probably no issues has attracted and received more attention by business organization, politicians, government and the public at large than the issue of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and what the social responsibility of business is. Every business firm is linked with different interest group and which form the stakeholders of the business or firm. These stakeholders or interest group contribute to the growth and survival of the business and hence expected to be compensated through corporate social responsibilities.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Corporate social responsibility is usually integrated into a business model for an organization to be able to live in harmony with its operating environment. Corporate social responsibility policy functions as a built in self-regulation mechanism for a business entity to monitor and ensure its adherence to laws, ethical, standard, norms and nuances of its environment Prahated (2004), opined that CRS when proactively undertaken promote the public interest by encouraging community growth and development and by voluntarily eliminating practices that harm the public sphere, regardless of legality. Accordingly he averred that it is the inclusion of public interest into corporate decision making and honouring of a tripe bottom line known as people, planet and profit.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The global socio-economic climate has developed and emergent system, which responds to corporate and commercial necessities within a defined state or outside of it. The field of international corporate responsibility has assured an important sub-field of business ethics in response to increasing concerns about the ethics conflicts of international business. It includes business conduct, multinational enterprises, corporate responsibility and environmental issues</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">in developing economies. The recurring demand is that multinational that site operating companies within communities outside their home base should not operate below the standards set by the authorities of their parent companies and should ordinarily have conducted research and investigation of the needs of the host communities (David, 2008). This goes beyond extending humanitarian assistance or establishment of resources centres in those communities.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The foregoing brings to the fore corporate social responsibility in Nigeria vis-à-vis the CSR bill before the National Assembly. The most active sector in Nigeria is the oil industry and it is where the Nigeria Government denies over 70 percent of its revenue. The Nigeria oil sector is dominated by big players such as shell, Chevron, Taxacom, Exxon, Mobil and Agip that have extended business interest across the seas into the Geographical confine of the country while the Nigerians state has a strong challenge of abuses of rights by multinational corporations over the year recent interventions by international advocating groups and the unrelenting strugglers of victims of the operations of these oil companies are making them to be more socially responsible (Peterson, 2005).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Many companies operating in Nigeria have at one time reported that they perform better in their responsibility to the society and that government should gather its loins to perform optimally (Vanguard, 2007). They contended that it is the failure of government to discharge its responsibilities that have made the various communities to be turning the heat on them. In the midst of the cacophonous buck passing a bill on corporate social responsibility is now before the National Assembly. The bill is for an Act to create the corporate social responsibility commission which will be charged with providing standards integration of social responsibility and international trade issue. The Bill seeks to establish a supervisory organ that will mandate corporations and companies to spend 3.5 percent of their profit before tax on CSR.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">There is no doubt that Nigeria is in dive need to development, most of its public infrastructures is collapsing. The business entities are going under. Many companies are relocating to outside of Nigeria (punch 2009). With a array of graft agendas, it is expended by all interest groups and the public at large that corruptions and nepotism would be at their lowest ebb. But unfortunately, corruption, tribalism and electoral malpractices are systemic. So it is vital that the contributions of the growth of the society are encouraged (Anderson, 2009). However, the prospective and sensitive business climates of Nigeria currently does not permit companies to accede to the compulsory remittance of 3.5</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">percent of profit to the authorities for social development. It is contended that if companies are to contribute to the community it should be from the voluntary spirit of benevolence and philanthropy. In fact, many policy analysts are concerned about the extent to which a new CSR law would actually change lives in the communities in which the companies operate. Unless there is a radical regeneration of the society and a social rebirth, the law if passed and assented will soon become unrealistic (Ogah, 2009).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Basically the issue include the practicability and enforcement of such law the creation of another revenue for the corruption and has any others country put in place the type of CSR law Nigeria is contemplating. But it is also believed that such a law many detract from the real issues at hand since companies have practiced CSR for years but still, problems are rampant not only in the Niger-Delta but in every parts of the country caused by the different agency problems (Jones, 2010).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Most companies from time to time are affected with various agency problems prior to this bill on CRS sent to the National Assembly in Nigeria. These agency problem in terms of CSR have become a major cankerworm to many companies operating in Nigeria. It is against this backdrop that this study is undertaken by the student, researcher to ascertain the various agency problem militating against company’s CSR in Nigeria. This study also attempt to suggest a better way of reducing this agency problem can be comfortable and satisfied in profit maximization.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of The Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Agency problem in terms of corporate social responsibility arises when the agent (managers) use the wealth meant for the principal (shareholders) to fulfill their CRS to the detriment of the principal. This obviously have a telling effect on the financial performance of the corporate organization in that substantial act of what supposed to be a return on equity is utilized to achieve the goal of CSR. Many factors are responsible for this. To ascertain the causes of these agency problems and the effects, the following research question have been raised in order to enable the researcher carry out the objective of this study.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Research Questions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. To what extent does Environmental management affect the management of agency problems in Nigeria?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. What is the effect of Community development on management of agency problems in Nigeria?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. To what extent does employee relation affect management of agency problems in Nigeria?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Objectives of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The main objective of this study is to assess the effect of CSR on managing agency problems in Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study are:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. To examine the effect of Environmental management on managing agency problems in Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. To examine the effect of Community development on managing agency problems in Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. To determine the effect of Employee relation on managing agency problems in Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Hypotheses of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">H01: Environmental management has no significant effect on managing agency problems in Nigeria</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">H02: Community development has no significant effect on managing agency problems in Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 Scope of The Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study is aimed at evaluating CSR and agency problem in Nigeria. It seeks to highlight the various agency problems bedeviling CSR of many local and multinational organizations in Nigeria as well as the solution to the problems. As such, it principal lay focuses on the impact of CSR of organization in Nigeria – Delta region of Nigeria as well as the agency problems affecting them. This study pays attention to stakeholders of some selected corporate organization and the general public within Benin City.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.7 Significances of The Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study is aimed at addressing the agency problems militating against the discharge of corporate social responsibiliti4es by organizations in Nigeria. The study also attempts to uncover the various ways of reducing the agency problems in Nigeria. As such it will assist the establishment and government agencies to be abreast of these problems affecting them in detail in the discharged of CSR as well as the way out of it. It will be immense help to future researcher and in the academic field and other professions to know the causes, effects and the solution in the terms of the subject matter.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Finally, it is expected to depict the role of the government at reducing the agency problem affecting organizations in the discharge of their corporate social responsibilities with in the community they are situated or organization in Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">There is no study undertaken by any researcher that is entirely perfect. As such this study may not be a perfect one. This is due to some constraints that may affect the student researcher in the cause of the study. These constraints are informed of finance cost, inadequate study material on agency problems in Nigeria and respondents response rate.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Public Administration </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects </span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #1b3b95; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><a href="https://www.projectmaterial.net/p/public-administration-project-topics.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">================================================================</span></b><br /></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">45 pages</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;"> Delivery:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="http://www.projectmaterial.net/p/payment-details-page.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5046375591183920903.post-14997313937237990272023-05-22T18:16:00.002+01:002023-05-22T18:16:36.213+01:00STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY OF AIRLINE INDUSTRY (CASE STUDY: FEDERAL AIRPORT AUTHORITY OF NIGERIA, CALABAR)<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The purpose of the study thesis was to assist Federal Airport Authority of Nigeria to develop a more strategic and sustainable airline by investigating what other case company and Federal Airport Authority Of Nigeria operations. The study objective is to explore and understand the strategies that Federal Airport Authority Of Nigeria and Operate in their business and what has developed and how the airline implement and its sustainable practices in terms of economic, social and environmental aspects. There has been a major decline of the national airline industry in Nigeria and this thesis seeks to explore and get understanding of airline industry in Nigeria and its challenges and what could be developed for the industry to rejuvenate in a sustainable manner. The study will bring about literature review with key concepts in strategy development, sustainability and understanding of the airline industry operations mainly for national airlines.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The thesis was conducted through semi structured interview with Federal Airport Authority of Nigeria with focus to the airlines strategies and sustainability practices. The study will narrow the re-search in focusing on case studies on international level with Calabar airport to explore their strategies, operations and sustainable practices implemented to make the industry successful then later the study will focus on Federal Airport Authority Of Nigeria operations from current situations and challenges and what can be learned from Finn air in order to develop the industry in a more sustainable manner.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The research results showed differences and similarities between the case companies and with focus for the main case company to learn from the other company in its operations to develop. The main case study should revise its strategies and measure in order to see if they have been effective with new strategies and how to develop their business model into more sustainable way. There is need to do more research in the area of study by incorporating government role in airline development.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>Chapter one</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1 Introduction</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background of Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Air Transportation as a means of moving passengers and freight has gained an important place worldwide (Sweet 2009, 2). Airline industry in Nigeria is the main reliable mode of transportation to the country due to its geographical position being a landlocked country. Federal Airport Authority Of Nigeria as national carrier for the country, the airline has undergone major challenges in its operations and since nowadays, airline business practices are more focused in being sustainable for the growth and for future existence. Airline industry in that matter has major issues on how sustainable it is due to the carbon emission. Airline industry in less developed countries like Africa, the area of sustainability can be critical and difficult to investigate.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Tourism growth in Nigeria depends mainly on Airline industry due to its geographical position as a landlocked country. Federal Airport Authority Of Nigeria is the only national carrier which cooperates with regional airlines like South Africa, Kenya airways and Ethiopian Airlines. The regional airlines are all part of global alliances and Federal Airport Authority Of Nigeria is not, this also makes it a challenge for visibility and development of the airline, strategies used to operate the airline are unknown and sustainability practices are unclear. Air Travel plays vital role but with climate change and environ-mental responsibility. Aviation industry directly attribute to the greenhouse gas emissions (Calabar airport 2012, 16).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The significant area of the research is to strategically develop a sustainable national airline Federal Airport Authority Of Nigeria in order to have increase in tourists’ arrival with easy accessibility to Nigeria as well as the economic benefit for the country. The aim would be to discover how to reduce the challenges and develop new strategies that would bring growth to the industry and also employment to the society. Africa is the region most in need of improvement, and aviation safety work on the continent typifies industry efforts on the global stage. Although Africa continues to post the worst safety statistics, 2011 saw a 56% improvement in the region over the previous year (IATA 2012, 23).Federal Airport Authority Of Nigeria has major problems with maintenance for its air crafts which has led to cancellation of flights on which the carrier had to charter other air-lines to fly their passengers. The airline is owned by government which is also a challenge to make decisions more efficient and effective.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Research Objectives</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study will be conducted to determine three main objectives:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">i. To determine the development levels for airlines operating in the </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">Nigerian Market.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">ii. To determine the influence of perceived service quality on customer </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">satisfaction.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">iii. To determine the influence sustainability on performance.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Value of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The information from the study will enable understanding of customer perception of service quality. This study will give airlines an insight on how different dimensions of service quality may affect performance. Managers will use the information to make strategic decisions.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study will also form a basis for research in airlines industry and other aviation organizations in Nigeria and in the region. Additionally, the findings of the study will add to literature on the subject and will be an ideal reference material on the study of effects of service quality on performance.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Lastly, the study will form basis of further research from the recommendations that will be made for further studies.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Tourism </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects </span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #1b3b95; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><a href="https://www.projectmaterial.net/p/tourism-project-topics-and-materials.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">================================================================</span></b><br /></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">47 pages</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;"> Delivery:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="http://www.projectmaterial.net/p/payment-details-page.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5046375591183920903.post-83403701404197952252023-05-22T18:16:00.001+01:002023-05-22T18:16:24.159+01:00ASSESSING THE USE OF COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES IN PROMOTING TOURIST DESTINATION: A STUDY OF OLUMO ROCK<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Tourism communication promotion is not uniform. They vary according to the uniqueness of the destinations. For a destination to be successful, it is imperative to address tourist’s expectations and satisfactions in other to determine the areas of strength to utilize and areas of weaknesses to improve. This study advances the understanding of tourist demographic determinants, trip determinants and travel motivations of tourists in the study area. Using krejcie and morgan sample table, 380 questionnaires were administered. The study found that tourists were typically highly educated, young adults and mostly males, working full time with high income. On average tourists stayed in Olumo Rock for 1-7 days and traveled alone for adventure, leisure or educational purposes. The study also reveals and ranked the factors motivating and militating tourist‟s choice in Olumo Rock. Visiting of relations and friends, weather/climate, scenic beauty and unique attractions ranked higher in motivating tourist choice in Olumo Rock, while frequent and incessant crisis ranked highest in discouraging tourist choice in Olumo Rock. An Important Performance Analysis Technique (IPA) was used to determine the most important and performing tourism component in the study area. It was discovered that attraction is the most important performing component in Olumo Rock as a tourist destination. In the light of the above, the study makes recommendations to improve the study area‟s attractiveness and to satisfy tourist needs and expectations in other to enhance responsiveness.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background to the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Tourism is currently the fastest growing sector of global economy. It is already the number one industry in many countries, in terms of foreign exchange earnings and job creation (Agene 2005). Tourism is at present the major export product for 83 percent of developing countries and main export of one third of them. In 2000 specifically, developing countries recorded 292.6 million international arrivals (WTO 2003). Ukene (2003) quoting IMF report of the year 2000 asserted that tourism generated U$504 billion in the year globally. In tourism marketing, the tourist is identified as a place customer. The role of marketing in place or tourism marketing is to create satisfied customers and keep them at a profit (Drucker, 1965).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Tourism development has undergone gradual but progressive evolution with each phase reflecting its growing importance in the economy. Organized tourism started in Nigeria in 1962. The Nigerian Tourism Association was formed by group of private practitioners to project the tourist image in Nigeria (Okon, 1997). The efforts of the association led to the admission of Nigeria as full member of the International Union of Official Organization Travel (IUOTO), now World Tourism Organization (WTO) in 1964. The Federal Government of Nigeria in 1990 issued a blue print on Tourism to demonstrate the development of tourism into an economically viable industry. The main thrust of the National Tourism Policy is devoted to the objectives of generating foreign exchange and employment etc. (Osuaka, 2001). Driven by the desire to realize these objectives, the Nigerian Government has remained committed to the growth and development of tourism in the country. This stance has been successively reflected in various monetary, fiscal and industrial policy measures employed to provide appropriate financing and incentives for the sector.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Prior to 1980, the type, known and practiced tourism was the standard commercial (mass) tourism which was based on commercially created beehive of activities such as festivals, carnivals and other seasonal events. But since the 1980s tourism trend has shifted focus to natural ecosystem and, this marked the emergence of tourism which has been considered a critical endeavor by environmentalists, so that future generations may experience destinations relatively untouched by human intervention (Honey, 2008). Coined by Hector Ceballos-Lascurain in 1983, the concept of tourism or responsible tourism or jungle tourism, and sustainable tourism (Sadry, 2009) have become prevalent concepts since the mid-1980s, and has experienced arguably the fastest growth of all sub-sectors in the tourism industry. Virtually, almost all the Local Government Areas in Nigeria have varying degrees of ecotourism attractions. This attests to the richness of the Nigerian natural and cultural attractions as described by Fagbile (2001). The economic importance of tourism is quite enormous. It educates the travellers, provides funds for ecological conservation, creates jobs, protect and conserves the environment, improves the well-being of local people, ensures direct financial support to local people, creates political empowerment of local communities, generates revenue for government, maintains peace, law and order in society, fostering respect for different cultures and for human rights and contribute to economic development.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">However, tourism development suffered setbacks in the past because of lack of commitment by previous governments and this has attracted many scholarly enquiries on the factors that may determined the tourism service communication promotion in Nigeria, considering its strategic importance to the economic development of any nation.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of the problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In recognition of the importance of tourism in national development, governments have demonstrated concerted efforts towards developing the sector by funding and maintaining the sector, but the result of such effort has not been ascertained by any known literature in the region.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">At the moment, available literature such as Blackwell (1970), Ashworth and Voogd (1993), and Esu (2006), etc., focused on the challenges to tourism marketing while literature on the problems of tourism service communication promotion in the region are scarce. In other words, past literatures on tourism marketing focused more on how to market tourism product and less, perhaps not at all on why tourists have not been visiting tourism sites in south-south zone of Nigeria inspite of the richness and attractiveness of most sites coupled with the efforts of government and firms in the hospitality industry at promoting these sites. Moreover, factors such as demographic determinants, socioeconomic determinants of tourists, destination determinants, government policy, environmental factors and communication strategies determinants may have been conjecturally identified as problems of tourism communication promotion in the region. But it is quite unfortunate that such intuitive based determinants lacked empirical justification, thereby creating illusion as to which of the identified factors significantly influence tourism communication promotion in the region. The above conjectured dimensions of impediment notwithstanding, there is still no sufficient empirical proof of which variable in each dimension most influenced tourism service communication promotion. For instance, amongst demographic determinants of age, gender, lifestyle, religious belief, attitude, cultural inclination, residency most influences tourism communication promotion? Also, which of the socioeconomic factor such as income, education, employment status, occupation, perceived usefulness and fees/charges most influence tourism communication promotion? Amongst destination determinants, which of service quality, functionality of tangibles, convenience and comfort, service delivery most influence ecotourism communication promotion? Assuming it is communication strategies strategy, which of advertising, social media, internet, air catalogue etc? If it is government policy, could it be immigration requirements, stay-time permit, and bilateral agreement? Should it be environmental factors, could it be topography, accessibility, security and safety, climatic condition, attitude of the host community etc that is most responsible for low tourism service communication promotion in the region?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Perhaps, the answer to these questions may be in the affirmative, but what becomes more worrisome afterall, is the uncertainty of the extent to which each of the identified variables have affected tourism service communication promotion in the region. These and other salient issues prompted the researcher to consider an empirical investigation of the factors that significantly affect tourism service communication promotion in the south-south geopolitical zone of Nigeria a worthwhile academic exercise, hence this study.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">i. What are the promotion patterns of tourism marketing in Olumo Rock?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">ii. What are the factors motivating tourists‟ choice of destinations in Olumo Rock?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1.4 OBJECTIVES</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">i. To review the concept and technique for analysing tourism communication promotion.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">ii. To analyse responsiveness determinants of tourism marketing in Olumo Rock.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">iii. To identify factors motivating choice of tourism destinations.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">iv. To identify factors militating against tourism promotion in Olumo Rock.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">v. To make recommendations for improvement of tourism destinations responsiveness in</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Olumo Rock.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1.5 SCOPE</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study will centre on the analysis of responsiveness determinants of tourism destinations in Olumo Rock in Abeokuta, focusing on tourist demographic determinants, tourist responsiveness of destinations and the factors motivating them to visit. The study will be limited to Olumo Rock as a region.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Tourism destination: Tourism destination as a physical space in which the visitor spend at least one night and is made up of tourism products such as support services and attractions, and tourism resources with physical and administrative boundaries that defines its management, images/perceptions of market competitiveness (world tourism organization, 2003).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Tourism: is defined as the entire activities of person(s) travelling to and staying in a place(s) outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited (UNWTO, 2010).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Tourist: a tourist is someone who satisfies the conditions of travelling at least fifty miles from home for any period of less than a year and that while they are away, they spend money in the place they visit without earning it there (Morley, 1990).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Responsiveness: responsiveness is the business that comes into an establishment generating revenue; it can also be seen as business or activity provided by a patron. For this study the above definition was adapted to be: the business or activities provided by patrons (tourists) in a destination, generating revenue. Determinants: Trait, Quality or property or a group of them distinguishing an individual, group or type.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Tourism </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects </span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #1b3b95; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><a href="https://www.projectmaterial.net/p/tourism-project-topics-and-materials.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">================================================================</span></b><br /></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">47 pages</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;"> Delivery:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="http://www.projectmaterial.net/p/payment-details-page.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5046375591183920903.post-55050686490284868952023-05-22T18:16:00.000+01:002023-05-22T18:16:12.267+01:00FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DOMINANT PRESENCE OF ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH IN ODOZOR<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The subject of study is the dominant presence of Roman Catholic Church in Odozor; the desire to undertake this study is motivated by the curiosity to understand the factor for the dominant presence of Roman Catholic in Odozor. In carrying out this study, simple random sampling was used to select five towns from the study area. The Five towns which constitute the population of study are Ebe, Abor, Awhum Okpatu and Umulumgbe. The researcher made use of primary and secondary sources in data collections. The review of literature revealed some dependable variable which formed the theoretical framework for the study. The data and peculiarities of missionary enterprises in Odozor was analyzed and interpreted. Based on this frame work, the following findings were made; that, the dominant presence of the Roman Catholic church in Odozor is due to the domineering influence of local chiefs and political heads. Other factors are the evangelical zeal of early converts and lay agents, mode of baptism and the Roman Catholic Church enculturation process also remains in factor. As a result the researcher therefore recommends that laity participation in evangelism should be encouraged. Secondly is that Christian denomination should adopt an enabling policy towards positioning African Christianity into African world view. Finally, rigorous subjection is not necessary for the eternal salvation of soul.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Christian religion has come a long way with the first missionary station at Badagry in 1842. In 1857, the church missionary society established the first mission church at Onitsha under the leadership of Rev. Henry Townsend. From Onitsha, the gospel started its slow but steady journey into the interior. The C.M.S established a station at Enugu Ngwo in 1912. The visit of Rev. Isaac Uzowulu to Ngwo triggered off an expansionist sprit among the missionaries</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This itinerant evangelist embarked on house to house evangelism and established a station at Umuabi, Udi and Okpatu. From the station at Okpatu a mission station was found in Umulumgbe in 1936. In an interview with Elder Amadi of Eke,Town, he said that “Udi area witnessed missionary </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">scramble in the second decade of the 20th Century”.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This pioneer position gave the Church missionary society added advantages. During this period many communities were desirous to open up C.M.S mission station in their communities. In the face of the increasing demand for mission contact, the Holy Ghost Congregation of the Roman Catholic mission emerged on the scene. Ilogu (1974) pointed out that 1885 witnessed the emergence of the Holy Ghost Congregation of the Roman</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Catholic Church in Igbo land. The entrance of Roman Catholic mission in Igbo land compelled missionary drive into the interior. This drive led to missionary rivalry in their adoption of apostolic policies. Ekeche pointed out that the Roman Catholic explored the interior through the creeks, from Aguleri, to Olo, Achalla, Owa and Oghe to Eke in 1914. Rev Fr. Aloysee Muller opened up a mission station at Eke with Mr. Ikem peter as the poiner teacher. From Eke, like the biblical mustered seed the church spread as far as Nsukka, Ogaja and Makurdi to the North, Ebenebe and Ida.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">From the above description, we can have a fair picture of the enormous apostolic activities of the pioneer missionaries of Eke. By 1889, Eke mission station has gave birth to five town parishes of Ebe, Abor, Ukana, Okpatu and Umulumgbe and constitutes mainly Roman Catholic population.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of the Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The Church Missionary Society and the Roman Catholic Church are two major actors in mission evangelism in Igboland. As early as 1912. The presence of the C.M.S. was established at Enugu Ngwo and Udi area respectively. In spite of this early development the people of Odozor are dominantly Roman Catholics when compared to other areas in Udi Local Government Council Area.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This raises a number of questions such as:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">(a) What are the factors for the sudden twist of events in the C.M.S. evangelizing mission?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">(b) Can this sudden twist be attributed to method, charisma, strategies </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">employed, and political influence of the local chiefs or inadequacy of trained local agents and laity groups?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Purpose of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The urge to undertake this study is to look into some distinctive religious and ecclesiastical issues of the various Christian missionary enterprises in Odozor Local Government Development Council with the view to find out the factors for the dominant presence of Roman Catholic Church adherents viz-a- viz other areas in Udi Local Government Area Council.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Scope of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study area is Odo-Ozor Local Government Development Council. The council is made up of the following towns: Ebe, Abor, Ukana, Awhum, Okpatu, Umulumgbe, Umuoka and Ukehe. These towns share common paternal, socio-cultural and religious tie. Due to the congenial nature of the study area, a selective random area was undertaken. The </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">representative study areas are Ebe, Okpatu, Awhum, Umulumgbe and Abor.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Significance of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The response of OdoOzo people towards various Christian missionary endeavors is of great significant. An expository view at the above will help to clarify missionary enterprise in the area. Also the study stands to offer an insight into the level of commitment of the various missionaries in carrying out their primary assignment. It equally stands to contribute to scholarship on the faith ideology of the people of OdoOzor Missionary evangelism. The research finding could be used to draw conclusion on the enduring strategies in faith propagation. Finally it stands to correct the misinterpretation of the past with the view to improving the present situation and achieving a balanced view of activities in Odo-Ozor Local Government Development council.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 Methodology</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The nature of the research demands a multi-dimensional approach. The researcher made use of Historical and analytical approach. The nature of the study compels this study to rely more on primary sources. Under this approach interview guidelines were designed so that discussion will be focused on the content specified in the research objective. However; based </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">on the relative criticism of the interview method, the research variable made the researcher to feel strongly that any method that would promote anonymity would yield reliable result. For this reason question were framed to cover people response, missionary strategies and factors for the dominant presence of Roman Catholic Church in Odo-Ozor.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The questions were both closed and open ended to enable respondents less bored and unable to suppress or distort basic response to the question. The researcher also made use of group discussion method. A key topic on Christian Missionary enterprise in Odo-Ozor was raised and expressed views of discussants made useful information for this study. The discussants include Traditional rulers, Academicians and clergy men who represented their interest groups and callings.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The researcher also made use of secondary sources in data collection and in the evaluation related literature on the topic of study, documented materials such as text books, journals; magazines unpublished works were also used. On the basis of logical evidence, the researcher applied logical reasoning to arrive at conclusions.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Theology & Biblical Studies </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects </span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #1b3b95; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><a href="https://www.projectmaterial.net/p/theology-biblical-studies-project.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">================================================================</span></b><br /></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">111 pages</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;"> Delivery:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="http://www.projectmaterial.net/p/payment-details-page.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5046375591183920903.post-57166413788319615972023-05-22T18:12:00.000+01:002023-05-22T18:12:22.016+01:00TACKLING THE 25 MOST COMMON PROJECT DEFENSE QUESTIONS<p><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Domine, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXmOknuqHse5gz0VqsgflvsKKiajaRwr2WaWzgt_vlBxT2mOxmdY1JSiN2TvHPKJSBiGgnTDyej-trLrA6fqO3VRmZA3G8fNmJyeh8XHbmdx4OpzBLLdRd2A0RkFTglTSSDlbS8IOSUTFSVXtQMTehDgJtZSsFsQsMuHY86vEROmUHTQK3KLBP1A/s480/images%20(38).jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="270" data-original-width="480" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXmOknuqHse5gz0VqsgflvsKKiajaRwr2WaWzgt_vlBxT2mOxmdY1JSiN2TvHPKJSBiGgnTDyej-trLrA6fqO3VRmZA3G8fNmJyeh8XHbmdx4OpzBLLdRd2A0RkFTglTSSDlbS8IOSUTFSVXtQMTehDgJtZSsFsQsMuHY86vEROmUHTQK3KLBP1A/w200-h113/images%20(38).jpeg" width="200" /></a></div>When I wrote ‘Making Awesome Presentations: Useful Tips for Project Defense’, I never knew it was going to be a great success story. So many success stories and commendations from over 50,000 readers were just enough to make my year and give me more grace to write more.<p></p><div align="justify" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Domine, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Well, enough of the hyping! That great piece was still lacking some smaller pieces to make it totally awesome as some ‘Oliver Twist-Like’ fans still needed more to it. Questions like, what should we expect on the D-Day? What type of Questions do they committee members ask? Can you suggest possible questions and answers that will be asked when defending a dissertation or thesis paper? These questions fill my mail box by the day and since I adore my readers, I have decided to write a sequel to ‘Making Awesome Presentations’. This time around, with the help of some senior lecturers, friends and my own experience, I have compiled some common questions you may face on your defense day and suggested answers/approach to these questions. So as usual, Enjoy!</div><div align="justify" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Domine, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></div><div align="justify" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Domine, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><b><u>Top 25 Likely Project Defense Questions and Answers</u></b><br />Below are likely questions you may face in a defense room. Take note of these questions and suggested answers, do good by researching more and not limiting yourself to just these questions.</div><div align="justify" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Domine, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></div><div align="justify" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Domine, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><b><u>Question 1: In few sentences, can you tell us what your study is all about?</u></b><br />The question is simple right? Many professors will tell you that most students get choked on a question like this. Anyways the question is simple, but a bit technical. To answer this question, you need to know every detail of your research project from chapters one to the end. The question needs an answer in form of a summary of the entire study, therefore, to ace this particular question you need to know every detail in your abstract. If you wrote a good abstract, this question will be a cross over for you.</div><div align="justify" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Domine, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><b><u>Question 2: What is your motivation for this study?</u></b><br />Now you must be careful here. This question can be very tricky and it goes a long way in convincing your panel members that your study is worth their time. Another way this question could be twisted is WHAT IS THE RESEARCH PROBLEM?</div><div align="justify" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Domine, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br />To answer this question, you may decide to elaborate on the problem investigated in the study. Your zeal to solve this problem becomes your motivation. Do not state financial reasons or the need to graduate as a motivation as you may easily go off point.</div><div align="justify" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Domine, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></div><div align="justify" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Domine, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><b><u>Question 3: How will this study contribute to the body of knowledge?</u></b><br />At some point the need for justification will arise and that is when you will be asked to mention how your study will add to the body of knowledge if approved.<br />Here you will need to use your methods, case study or any unique model or conceptual framework used in the study to defend it.</div><div align="justify" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Domine, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div align="justify"><b><u>Question 4: What is the significance of the study?</u></b><br />Just like stating how your study will contribute to the body of knowledge, you will need to state the importance of your study. To answer this question, you will need to highlight how your study will aid the government in policy development and implementation, how it will help other students who may wish to conduct research studies on the subject matter and how organizations and the society will benefit from your study.</div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify"><b><u>Question 5: Did you bridge any gap from your study?</u></b><br />Every research study must have a problem. Your ability to solve this problem and explore into areas not yet researched on gives you the full marks allocated for answering this question. You must be able to convince the committee members that your approach is unique and it has covered areas where much have not been done by other researchers.</div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify"><b><u>Question 6: What limitations did you encounter?</u></b><br />This is another simple but tricky question. Most times the question is not asked to sympathize with you, rather to get loopholes to criticize your work. To answer this question, you must be careful with words as you may implicate yourself. Be careful enough not to sell out yourself. Do not discourse limitations in your methods or data analysis techniques as this may imply that your study may be biased or not well researched. Use simple limitations like difficulties encountered in combining lectures and project instead of limiting your study.</div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify"><b><u>Question 7: What are your findings?</u></b><br />At this point it is expected of you to present your results or findings from the study in a clear and concise manner. Always link your findings to your research objectives/questions. This will make your panel members to easily be carried along.</div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify"><b>Question 8: What Methods or Sampling Technique did you employ?</b><br />To answer this question, you must be familiar with your research methodology. Your chapter three (in Most Projects) must be at your fingertips. Your ability to justify your sample size and technique will be highly rewarded here. </div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify"><b>Question 9: Why choose this method?</b><br />As discoursed above, you should not only state a particular method for the study. You must also be ready and able to justify why you chose the method in a convincing manner. At this point you are free to quote sources or similar studies where such methods were adopted.</div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify"><b><u>Question 10: Based on your findings what are your recommendations?</u></b><br />Recommendations are very vital in every research study and should not be joked with. In essence you should know your recommendations off hand.</div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify"><b><u>Question 11: Based on your findings what areas will you suggest for future research?</u></b><br />Questions like this are just there to test your reasoning and authority in your research area. Based on your findings in a manageable scope, you should be able to suggest future research areas in line with your study. For example, if I researched on the challenges of personal income tax collection in Nigeria, a good area for further study will be in other forms of taxation such as VAT, Company tax etc.</div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify"><b><u>Question 12: How can your research study be put into practice?</u></b><br />Easy for the computer scientist and engineering students, but a bit tough for management and social sciences since most management/social science projects are more of abstract in nature. However, you should try your best to be realistic here. Relate your study to current trends in your environment, office, economy, government, schools, church etc. Use of relevant examples and illustrations will score you good point here.</div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify"><b><u>Question 13: How would you summarize your study to a practitioner in a few sentence?</u></b><br />Your ability to convey technical information from the study will score you good points here.</div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify"><b><u>Question 14: What would you change if you were to conduct the study again?</u></b><br />Hmmm. Be careful! Do not be too jovial. There is a loophole here! Just like your limitations, this question can be asked to identify your week points.</div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify"><b><u>Question 15: What is your measurement Instrument?</u></b><br />In simple terms, what data collection method did you employ for the study? Here you state if questionnaires were distributed or data was gotten from secondary sources. </div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify"><b><u>Question 16: What are your research variables?</u></b><br />Here you will need to convince your panel members that you know what you are talking about. You need to explain your independent and dependent variable(s) to convince them that you are on point. Your variables are present in your project topic. You need to identify these variables and know their definitions as well to ace your defense.</div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify"><b><u>Question 17: What are your research questions?</u></b><br />Very simple question. It should take about 0.015 seconds to answer this question if you are fully prepared.</div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify"><b><u>Question 18: What do you plan to do with your research project after Graduation?</u></b><br />Here you are at liberty to say your mind. If you intend to publish it, this is the best opportunity to discourse and interact with the committee members-maybe a professor there can help.</div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify"><b><u>Question 19: What source of data was employed for the study?</u></b><br />At this point you have to state the source(s) you got data from. In general you have to state whether data was gotten from primary or secondary source or both. You can further convince the committee members by discoursing on literature reviewed for the study-both theoretical and empirical.</div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify"><b><u>Question 20: What theories or theoretical framework is your study based on?</u></b><br />This is a very technical question but interesting. Before you step into the defense room, you should know at least two relevant theories that relate to your study. For example, the “impact of motivation on employee productivity” will be based on Maslow’s Theory and other theories of motivation. If you cannot find relevant theories to back up your study, consult your supervisor for help. </div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify"><b><u>Question 21: How would you relate your findings to existing theories on the study?</u></b><br />To ace this question, one will have to read extensively. You should know existing theories on the subject matter as well as empirical studies too. Your ability to link your findings to previous research studies (Whether they agree or not) will go a long way in validating your study. You will score good points here trust me.</div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify"><b><u>Question 22: What recommendations do you have for future research?</u></b><br />Your problem solving skill is put to test here. You should be able to identify areas that will need more research.</div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify"><b><u>Question 23: What is the scope of the study?</u></b><br />This one is a cheap or should I say bonus question? Here you quickly state the delimitation of the study in brief.</div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify"><b><u>Question 24: What question(s) do you have for the committee?</u></b><br />Not a likely question in our Nigerian context, but I have defended a seminar project where this question was asked and I was shocked to my marrows. This is an opportunity to interact with your committee members and ask some constructive questions. Do not ask silly or too difficult questions as the goal should be to make the committee members feel as the “boss”. It will also go a long way in showing that you are a brilliant individual.</div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify"><b><u>Question 25: Do you have any closing comments?</u></b><br />This is praising time! Use this opportunity to thank your committee members for their time and questions. Tell them how much you have learnt from them and how you intend to correct errors (if any) identified in your work. This can go a long way in impressing your internal and external supervisors. All the best!</div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify"><b><u>BONUS TIPS</u></b></div><ul style="line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;"><li style="line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">When confronted with a difficult question, adopt a strategy to make them rephrase or repeat the question. This will give you more time to think.<b></b></li><li style="line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">If your research project is Empirical in nature,or you used any statistical tool to test hypothesis, try to know how you arrived at such conclusion. Also know how your data was analysed and the various tools used for the analysis.</li><li style="line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">Before your defense day. Practice with your supervisor or your friends. Make them to drill you with likely questions.<b></b></li><li style="line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">Talk calmly with confidence. Do not talk too fast as this may pave way for tension and stage freight.<b></b></li><li style="line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">Read your project thoroughly. Know basic definitions and terms used in the study.</li></ul>------------------------------------<br /><i><b>Article By:</b></i><br />Chidi Rafael</div><br /><br /><div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">**Click <a href="http://www.projectmaterial.net/p/research-articles.html">here</a> to read more Articles**</span></i></b></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5046375591183920903.post-74589435128775794612022-10-28T20:13:00.000+01:002022-10-28T20:13:29.636+01:00IMPACT OF IN-SERVICE TRAINING OF TEACHERS ON JOB PERFORMANCE AND MOTIVATION <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">This study assessed the effects of in-service training on teachers performance and motivation in Lagos Secondary schools. In order to provide in-depth information about in-service training the Questionnaire method was used in this research. The participants of this study are 70 secondary school teachers. The findings revealed that teachers strongly desire to receive trainings on curriculum, Information Computer Technology (ICT) and school management. Teachers suggest that a needs analysis should be done in order to inform planning of training. A qualitative approach with a case study design was used which provided a great deal of information about teachers in-service trainings. The number of participants involved in the study was 70 teachers from six secondary schools. The questionnaire method was used in this study for data collection.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background to the Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The low performance of students in secondary schools, dynamic society and its needs, continues changes in expectations about the quality and assessment of education, rapid changes in science and technology lead the school and teachers to face difficulties with this respect to parents and society. In fact the issues for teachers and teachers' education to fulfill these requirements are continuing and complex (moeini,2008). In-service teacher training has grown in importance and status and has developed as a global trend for three decades. It has been viewed by many countries as the key element in strategies to rise the quality of educational provision (Hayes,1997).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Professional development programs or in-service training programs enable teachers to become highly qualified by improving, increasing and advancing their knowledge through a better understanding of effective instructional strategies. However, it has been shown that in many cases, in-training does not actually achieve its main objectives, namely the implementation of new teaching strategies and significant changes in students' achievements (Guskey,1986). In-service training is just as important as preservice teacher training. This is the Governments' role to provide teachers education which their need through in-service training. The purposes of the in-service teacher training are to enable individuals to be successful in their professionals, into develop professionalism and skills of lifelong in learning, to improve their required performance to meet the students' needs.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Training of employee for work performance became an issue of concern that raised questions to policy and decision makers (Malhotra et al. 2007). In fact, Meyer et al. (1993) argued that better training procedures for employees result to affective, continuance and normative commitment in public organization. Indeed, employees training are appropriate ingredient in service delivery to the public at large.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Employees training in public organization promote effective and competent performance of public organization. A dynamic global marketplace and increasing foreign competition has compelled public organization to become more effective and flexible in training </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">(Gould-Williams, 2003).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Public organizations try to increase their capabilities by investing more in employees training. Moreover, it encourages competency of employees for both their own benefit and the benefit of others (Rodrigues, 2005). In a career system, initial training is of paramount in the effective and efficient work performance. The newly recruited employees enter in working without specific expertise for the job (Fraser et al, 2007). In fact, initial training offers general preparation in public service delivery. The training offers specific preparation for a new function after or before transfer or promotion. In a post system training may be less important as specialists are hired for a specific post (Koning, 2009).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">However, even specialists may need some training throughout their work life to update skills with regard to new technologies or other developments. Nowadays, governments seem to organize public services by merging a pure post and career system The United States, for example, has departed from a pure post system and has to a certain extent introduced a career system, even for top management posts (the senior executive service), leaving enough leeway for political appointments. The "classical" civil services with a rigid career system, on the other hand, have introduced more flexibility to allow for direct appointments to other than entry level posts, and/or have excluded posts above a certain level from the normal career path (Vähäsantane, 2009).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">However, the condition of public organization becomes increasingly challenging to engage in employee training. Similarly, Chapagain (2004) argued that USA, Japan and UK adapted different strategies in training of employee through a loan from the government. Training aimed at empowering public organization employee. In fact, training in the realm of employees’ job performance need government sponsorship.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Similarly, in developing countries training in public organization (like schools) is less considered on improving the capacity of its low cadre employees. According to Wereko (2010) who propound that low cadre employees have a weak voice on matter related to training. However, public organization is responsible for the full range of training of its employees. Low cadre demanding more or better education may have extremely weak voices relative to those of the military demanding armaments. In view of that, low cadre employee wanting better training for their skills for improvement of work performance (Mulkeen et al, 2007).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of the Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">It is clear that in-service Training programs for employee on work performance are increasingly drawing attention in public organization (URT, 2012). Mechanisms and adequate training of in service delivery still remain in the discussion and yet come into consensus in Nigeria. According to Rova (2006) who argued that training of employee expect to meet efficiency of employees.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Public organization employees are expected to be trained to enhance employees’ useful capacity in job performance. In view of that, employees are required to develop special skills and knowledge related to work performance. In fact, training is expected to foster work performance in public organization. Public organization employees are increasingly challenging in training opportunities while about 70% share of the recurrent education budget over the period 1998-2015 allocated in training (URT, 2012).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The past studies, indicated that training is required for employees work performance in public organization. The public organization has been forgotten in government training and development program (URT, 2013). It is no longer sufficient in recruit and retains the best employees but, organizations have to impart skills and enhance capabilities of employees through learning, supportive environment and shared knowledge. The quality of employees through training programs is the major factors in determining long term success of public organizations.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">It is obvious that, achievements of public organization depend on different factors including type of services provided, support from the society concern, other motivation provided to employees, nature of recruiting employees, qualification of managers and other. But to a large extent depend on training of employee to cope with environment changes (Lynton, 2002). Many researches were conducted to other related topics but not assessing the impact of In-service training on teachers performance and motivation in secondary schools.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The researcher used that gap to study the topic concern.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Objectives of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This research was steered by the following objectives;</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">General Objective</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The overall objective of this study is to assess the impact of in-service training on teachers performance and motivation in secondary schools.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>Specific Objectives</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">i. To assess the impact of in-service training on teachers' teaching methods.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">ii. To assess the impact of in-service training on teachers' punctuality and attendance. iii. To examine the effects of in-service training on students' academic performance.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Research Questions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. What is the impact of in-service training on teachers' teaching methods?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. What is the impact of teachers’ in-service training on punctuality and attendance?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. What is the impact of in-service training on students’ academic performance?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Significance of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study was designed to assess the effects of In-service Training program on employees work performance and point out its importance to both employee and public organization. Ngwira (2005) highlight that employee training is both costly and interrupting to the schedule of the organization.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Employees training intended to improve work performance towards the organization performance (Hayes, 1996). Since both training aim to improve performance, it makes sense to use them together, so that the performance management process can end up telling what kinds of training will be most effective in a given situation. Therefore, this study assessed the effects of In-service Training programs in work performance and is expected to open the minds of educational partners and researchers on different training styles and performance so as to enhance in-service training on teachers.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 Scope of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study assessed the impact of In-service training on teachers performance and motivation. 70 secondary school teachers were selected through random sampling method. A qualitative approach with a case study design was used which provided a valid information. The questionnaire method was used as a tool for data collection.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.7 Limitation of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Every research is unique and has various theoretical and practical problems which are different from other researches. This study was limited in its findings in the following ways: Firstly some questions (items) included in the study has diverted to the attention of the respondents and thus interferes with thinking, response and findings of the study.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Secondly, the sample size was limited to only 70 teachers of six schools at Lagos State in Kigoma Region. This may not be a good representation of the majority of Nigerian secondary school teachers, hence could affect the significant relationships from the data generalizability of the findings. However, above mentioned limitations were minimized pilot test that was conducted before entire study was undertaken.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.8 Delimitation of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The participation in the study was good due to the fact that the respondents were aware of the topic “assessing the impact of in-service training on teachers performance and motivation in secondary schools”. Furthermore, the study was delimited to study schools in Lagos State. Selected area for research was nearby a researcher residential as well as the selected sample from the targeted population reduced unnecessary costs. Respondents were given with all necessary information on the reason for conducting this study so that they willingly participated in giving required information.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.10. Definition of Terms</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Performance the accomplishment of a given task measured against preset known standards of accuracy, completeness, cost, and speed (Carlson, 1998).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1.10.1 Training</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Training is widely understood as a communication directed at a defined population in the purpose of developing skills, modifying behavior, and increasing competence, generally,</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Training focuses exclusively on what needs to be known (Dunn, 1988).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1.10.2 In-Service Training</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In-service training may be defined in this study as all training which is given to teachers and education administrators following initial training and attainment of professional certificate. It is indisputable fact that this aspect of education and training for teachers is an important and integral part of educational system. Its importance has been given prominence of government, international organizations and through research and writing by academicians. It is this eminence and attention given to the program, which aroused the interest of the researcher leading to his choice of in-service teacher training as his area of study.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1.10.3 Public Sector</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Public sector sometimes referred to as the State Governments or the government sector, is a part of the state that deals with either the production, ownership, sale, provision, delivery and allocation of goods and services by and for the government or its citizens, whether national, regional or local/municipal (David, 2002).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1.10.4 Development</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Development: Is the positive change from unsatisfactory to satisfactory in all aspects of life such as economically, socially and politically (Sullivan, 2003).</span></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><br /></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Vocational Teacher Education </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects </span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #1b3b95; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><a href="https://www.projectmaterial.net/p/vocational-teacher-education-project.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">================================================================</span></b><br /></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">45 pages</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;"> Delivery:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="http://www.projectmaterial.net/p/payment-details-page.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5046375591183920903.post-56040047405184607782022-10-28T20:07:00.006+01:002022-10-28T20:07:43.340+01:00ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION FOR SELF RELIANCE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AMONGST STUDENT OF UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT, PORT HARCOURT RIVER STATE<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study focused on assessing the role of Entrepreneurship education on self reliance and economic development among students in Uniport. The slum was purposively sampled due to ease of access, its closeness to the industrial area and high population of unemployed students.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Descriptive research design was used, targeting students between 15 and 35 years old from 3 Entrepreneurship education in University of Port Harcourt. Respondents were selected using different sampling techniques including stratified sampling, simple random sampling and purposive sampling. Questionnaires, in-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussion were used to collect both primary and secondary data, which was thereafter coded and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study revealed that personal interest, job satisfaction and future employment prospects are the key factors influencing the choice of entrepreneurship education course by students. It also demonstrated that entrepreneurship education courses equip students with multiple skill benefits such as self-awareness, effective communication, stress management, time management, interpersonal relations, and basic problem solving. Irrespective of their employment status, the study indicated that majority of the students are still able to utilize their acquired Entrepreneurship education skills.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study concluded that entrepreneurship education, as a source providing skilled workers, plays a significant role in enhancing self reliance and economic development among students in Uniport. Finally, it makes recommendations to public policy makers, development partners and the academy.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">According to Akenbi (2000) entrepreneurship education is the acquisition of basic skills, which enable an individual to be gainfully employed in any sectors of the economy. For any country to obtain any level of development, entrepreneurship education must be put into consideration. Western education started in Nigeria when the Christian Missionaries came. During this period, they were mostly interested in teaching the word of God, converting souls and preaching the gospel. Some people were not able to fellowship, some could not walk, see or hear, therefore, they were taught how to make basket and this occupied them, aids were given to them, active/alive and to make them feel at home. Before the arrival of the missionary, vocational training had started at home, children helping their mothers to cook, boys helping their father at farm. The colonial administration participated in vocational/technical education given as a separate plan outside that entrepreneurship education involves such field as agricultural education, business education, marketing or distributive education, trade and industrial education. Entrepreneurship education comprises of vocational and technical training, which is given in schools a class under public supervision and control.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The development of skills is perhaps the foundation on which vocation education is laid the assertion has been authorize to the unanimous agreement of the three groups sample to the fact that entrepreneurship education is designed to develop skills abilities understanding and attitude of individuals. This agrees with the definition of committee on research and publication of American vocation association (1954). The primary purpose of embarking on skill development is to enable someone to do some work. Olatain (1984) says entrepreneurship education refers to systematic learning experience, which are designed to enable individuals for gainful employment in recognized occupation as semi skilled workers or technical or professionals. It equally included guidance and counselling in connecting with training and other instruction directly related through an occupation. The benefits derives from various entrepreneurship education cannot be over emphasized. It is the pride of the nation to develop more entrepreneurship education in order to activate maximum technologically. Thorp et al (1930) in their reports they expressed the view that the aim and objective of entrepreneurship education are as follows; a. The aim of technical education must be to provide or the requirements of industry, commerce and society and to adjust itself to the changing needs of the territory.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The curriculum and organization must be adopted to meet national and local demands and must not adhere to firm and immutable forms. b. Large number of men and women engaged in industry and commerce and in professional and auxiliary, occupation lack the specialized knowledge and training which would allow them to be eicient in their vocation and fit to accept greater resp0onsibility, the course must be arranged so they can improve their knowledge and eiciency while continuing employment. c. Special attention must be given to the training of teachers and personnel and for institutions engaged into training of teachers particularly for secondary schools and technical institutions and for institutions engaged in the training of primary school teachers also for person engaged in social activities such as students and community center work or in community development generally.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of The Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Entrepreneurship education has been known as a veritable discipline for the attainment of self-reliance and can be seen in different dimensions. The various skills acquisition centres in the state are expected to produce man power at craftsmanship and apprenticeship levels. And it has been ascertained that facilities, staff, finance etc are either lacking or not sufficiently provided to achieve the expected desires. Although many technical schools and other skill acquisition centre like college of education, polytechnics are available in Rivers state for the above purposes what is not clear now is that to what extent is “entrepreneurship education helping in economic development of Rivers State”.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Research Question</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In what ways does entrepreneurship education enhance self reliance and economic development among students in Uniport?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>Specific Questions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. What individual motives influence the choice of entrepreneurship education courses by students in University of Port Harcourt?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. In what ways do students in University of Port Harcourt benefit from Entrepreneurship education courses?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. In what ways do entrepreneurship education courses facilitate the transition into self reliance for students in University of Port Harcourt?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Overall Objective</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">To examine whether entrepreneurship education enhance self reliance and economic development among students in Uniport.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>Specific Objectives</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. To examine the individual motives behind the choice of entrepreneurship education courses by students in University of Port Harcourt.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. To examine the benefits that accrued from Entrepreneurship education courses for students in University of Port Harcourt be- tween 2011 and 2015.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. To examine how Entrepreneurship education courses facilitate students from University of Port Harcourt to transition into self reliance.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Significance of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Studies conducted on students entrepreneurship development as well as assessments to ascertain access and utilization of students funds in Nigeria have received adequate attention. However, information regarding entrepreneurship education, particularly its role in facilitating students to acquire competencies necessary for socioeconomic empowerment remains scanty. This critical gap in knowledge is what the study aimed to examine.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">A study was conducted by CEDEFOP (2011) to review “the benefits of entrepreneurship education in 21 European countries”. Despite demonstrating the many benefits derived from Entrepreneurship education institutions in Europe, the study did not reveal whether similar gains can be directly inferred to Entrepreneurship education institutions found in University of Port Harcourt, particularly in their current establishment. It is notable that entrepreneurship education in University of Port Harcourt lack adequate resources compared to Europe, have limited staff competency, and are less adaptable to the dynamic market trends. Taking into account the current state of entrepreneurship education in University of Port Harcourt, the study examined the capacity of these institutions to impart appropriate skills for economic development.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study specifically focused on University of Port Harcourt, selected due to its increasingly high population of unemployed students. Many of these students lack employability skills and continue to live in abject poverty despite the presence of many Entrepreneurship education institutions in the area and its prime location next to the industrial area. The study period, 2011 and 2015, was also selected to ensure the most recent findings on how Entrepreneurship education has impacted on the socioeconomic lives of students in University of Port Harcourt was obtained.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study shall inform public policy makers, especially those in education and the economic sector. The findings and recommendations derived from this study will enhance policy decisions for improved institutional and operational reforms in the entrepreneurship education sector in Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The academy shall also benefit from the findings and recommendations of this study, which lays basis for future research besides providing important information on the status of entrepreneurship education institutions in Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Finally, development partners interested in entrepreneurship education sector will also benefit from the study findings and recommendations. Through this study, they will gain insight on the current status of entrepreneurship education institutions in the informal settlements in Nigeria and therefore know where to prioritize their investments.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 Limitations and Scope of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study evaluated “the role of entrepreneurship education on economic development in University of Port Harcourt”. The study collected data between October 2021 and January 2022, limiting its geophysical scope to University of Port Harcourt because of financial constraints. In particular, the study targeted students in University of Port Harcourt who had undertaken Entrepreneurship education courses between 2015 and 2019 as sources of primary data, including administrators of institutions, potential employers, parents/guardian and a village elder.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.7 Definition of Terms</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Employability Skills</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The term “employability skills” as used in this study refers to knowledge, skills and competencies acquired by Entrepreneurship education trainees through a process of learning and which improves their qualifications in the competitive world of employment.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>Socioeconomic Empowerment</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In this study, the term socioeconomic empowerment is used to refer to a state of positive social and economic transformation attributed to improved individual’s self-esteem, social acceptance and personal income.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>Entrepreneurship education</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In this study, entrepreneurship education refers to education based on practical workplace knowledge and skills acquired by individuals to prepare them for industrial work, trade and other entrepreneurial undertakings.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Vocational Teacher Education </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects </span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #1b3b95; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><a href="https://www.projectmaterial.net/p/vocational-teacher-education-project.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">================================================================</span></b><br /></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">47 pages</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;"> Delivery:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="http://www.projectmaterial.net/p/payment-details-page.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5046375591183920903.post-48746362781818842162022-10-28T19:58:00.007+01:002022-10-28T19:58:38.147+01:00EXPLORING THE DETERMINANTS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AMONGST NIGERIAN GRADUATES AS PERCEIVED BY THE BUSINESS EDUCATION STUDENTS <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This research work examined exploring the determinants of entrepreneurship among graduate’s graduates in Nigeria. A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect data for this study. A total number of 65 graduates in both management and Agricultural sciences in Delta State University Asaba Campus were sampled using a structure questionnaire. The test for multiple means and the T-test for independent means. We observed that back ground variable has no significant impact on exploring the determination, desire and need for achievement, Attitude, National pride and start up experience are positively related to entrepreneurial intentions. We recommend that future research should consider entrepreneurial intentions for graduate graduates in Nigeria and should also consider what factors are related to and may impact individual behaviors. They should also focus more than large population sizes to impact on background variables which will help stimulate economic growth in Nigeria. Taking up a carrier as entrepreneur and setting up a personal business can be an excitingly rewarding experiencing for young persons. The present high rate of unemployment in Nigeria’s economy should entrepreneurship an appropriate and attractive option. It is widely accepted that the educational system of universities. It as to provide as academic environment that many serve as a catalyst for high technology start up. The factor that surrounds decision making frame of a young Nigeria graduates who intends to pick up a carrier in entrepreneur in this study set out to among others, determine the attitudes of young Nigeria graduates towards becoming entrepreneurs, determine what control beliefs influence their intentions.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background Of The Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In recent years, entrepreneurship education has been developing steadily but unevenly in most countries. In the United State for example, which has been a trailblazer and leader in the field, the last decade has been described as an important era, with a significant increase in graduate interest (Fiet 2001a) the figure tend to support this statement.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In 1971, only 16 colleges and universities in U.S. offered entrepreneurship education program, while today, there are more than 800.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Entrepreneurship is an under search topic in the social sciences and especially in economics. It was not always so, Schumpeter discusses the role of the entrepreneurship in the process of economic development at length. He imagine the entrepreneur as a creative driven individual who find new combination of factors of production” to discover and develop a new product, to apply strategy for a new market or design a new technology.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The United States have a comparatively long tradition of fostering entrepreneurs at universities and business schools. While the first entrepreneurship courses were taught at Harvard Business School as early as the 1930s, this field has seen increasing attention since the 1970s. By 1990, 400 universities in America were already estimates exceed 700 (Vesper and Macmillan 1988: Hills and Morris 1988, Fiet 2001) progress in this field has thus been extremely impressive.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Throughout the world, graduate in entrepreneurship as a career choice is growing Brenneret 1991, Hart et Harrison, 1992, while interest in traditional professional employment in big business is gradually declining (Kovereld 1996), the orientation and behaviours of graduate and young graduates are influenced by a number of personal and environmental factors.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Under uncertainly, out came may be characterized by an expected value which summarizes the potential out comes of the probability of their occurring. Business profits are typically an uncertain function of the work effort extended by the entrepreneur, with an expected profit level for each effort level surrounded by a variance of profit outcomes due to the impact of unexpected changed in consumer preferences competition price and product offerings, macro-economic variables and so on.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This profit variance introduces the role that additional remuneration for that effort profit variance is considered by potential entrepreneurs who asses stability (certainty of ensuring a pay check every month avoiding rise, maintaining current life style) before making a decision to set up a new venture (Amit, et al 1996) given the myriad of factors that surrounds the decision making frame of a young Nigeria graduate who intends to put a career in entrepreneur, it is imperative that answers be found to the following questions. What are the attitudes influences, their intention toward becoming entrepreneurs? What are the subjective norms underlying their intention of becoming entrepreneur? What control beliefs influence their intentions?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Objectives of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The general objective of this study is to determine entrepreneurship among graduates of universities in Nigeria. More specifically, the study attempted to:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">i) ascertain the effects of entrepreneurship curriculum contents on graduates‘ critical thinking and business idea generation.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">ii) examine the extent to which entrepreneurship pedagogy affects graduates‘ shared-vision and identification of business opportunities.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">iii) evaluate the role of teaching methods in entrepreneurship on graduates‘ interest and business start-ups.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Research Questions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Based on the research objectives, the following research questions were addressed in the study:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">i) To what extent do entrepreneurship curriculum contents impact on graduates‘ critical thinking and business idea generation?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">ii) In what way does entrepreneurship pedagogy affect graduates‘ shared-vision and identification of business opportunities?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">iii) In what way do teaching methods in entrepreneurship stimulate graduates‘ interest and business start-ups?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Research Hypotheses</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The following Hypotheses stated in null form were tested in this study;</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">H01) Entrepreneurship curriculum contents do not significant impact on graduates‘ critical thinking and business idea generation</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">H02) Entrepreneurship pedagogy does not significantly affect graduates‘ shared-vision and identification of business opportunities</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Significance Of The Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Economic theories of entrepreneurship usually assume, not surprisingly, that entrepreneurs have economic aspirations principally those of profit maximization. However, a few early theories recognized that entrepreneurs may have non-economic aspirations as well, such as the desire to innovation. The venture into areas untouched by others, the desire to develop markets triumph over others in the market and dynastic aspirations.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The notion that entrepreneurs are embedded in a social framework is central to much work by sociologists (Gramoveter, 1985). Furthermore, as Dyer and Handler (1994) observe, entrepreneurial aspiration focus on entrepreneurial theories tend to focus on entrepreneur at business entry rather than in the business cycle.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In general, the implication and application of the theory of planned behaviour in the field of entrepreneurship and numerous and extremely promising. Some of the theory’s implication are related to education and training. Since the early 1980’s researchers have been able to identify the role played by education and teaching variables in the development of perceptions about the desirability and feasibility of entrepreneurial behaviour.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In recognition of the owning a business can change one’s life, this paper guaranteed and inventory of economic psychological factors then can be used to develop a model of the determinants of entrepreneurial intentions.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Scope of The Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">For the purpose of the proper analysis of the subject matter the scope of the study is given in two parts, the spatial and temporal scope. Spatially the study is limited to young graduates in Nigeria. Temporally, it was conducted over a three week period.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Vocational & Technical Education </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects </span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #1b3b95; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><a href="https://www.projectmaterial.net/p/vocational-technical-education-project.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">================================================================</span></b><br /></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">53 pages</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;"> Delivery:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="http://www.projectmaterial.net/p/payment-details-page.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5046375591183920903.post-65977776145181217972022-10-28T19:46:00.005+01:002022-10-28T19:46:38.972+01:00CONTROLLING RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION THROUGH SUSTAINABLE RURAL INFRASTRUCTURES (A STUDY OF NDOKWA EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF DELTA STATE)<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Rural resources have a lot of potential which needed to be brought into full production as to uplift the values. These values can only be achieved when other resources like times, money, infrastructure, expertise and the like are applied. The high demand of products is expected to propel the application of the said resources into maximum productions which in turn increase the value of rural environment, confirming value to be a function of profit.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Unfortunately, government policies and programmes in the year past failed to reflect the need for balance rural and urban development. Thus, most development policies and programmes are urban – oriented. As a result rural dwellers have been subjected to poverty, unemployment poor infrastructure, economic and social defects. Incidentally rural dwellers stick to migration</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Therefore, this study on rural infrastructures as a strategy for reducing rural – urban Migrations in Nigeria, a case study of Ndokwa East Local Government Delta, seek to identify rural infrastructures programmes/projects extent of rural urban migration and factors responsible for rural urban migration in the study area.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">From the findings based on the analyzed data, integrated rural infrastructures strategy has been pin-pointed and recommended as a feasible and viable measure toward minimizing the rate of rural – urban migration in Nigeria at large and Ndokwa East Local Government in particular.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background of study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Rural areas are key sector in every nation’s economy and their rapid development and modernization have gained the attention of policy makers and government all over the world. This is because of the sizeable majority of the population living therein. Therefore; the future of the country depends largely on it.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">According to Afolayan (1995) rural areas, can be easily identified by various criteria including the level of infrastructural development i.e. road networks, educational institutions, water supply, electricity, health facilities, communication etc. Other criteria used include occupation, housing, extent of community planning etc.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Typically, rural dwellers are less vocal, characterized by a culture of poverty; at most people live barely above subsistence level (Laah et al 2022). Rural areas, in developing countries are usually deprived of the basic needs of life such as housing, medical care, postal communication, education, transport etc. specifically, rural areas refer to geographical areas that lie outside the densely built up environment of towns, cities and the suburban villages, and whose inhabitants are engaged primarily in agriculture as well as the most basic of rudimentary form of secondary and tertiary activities (Ezeah, 2005). Rural area which is the opposite of an urban area refers to the country side where population engages mainly in primary production activities like rearing of livestock (Ele2006).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">About 90 percent of the rural labour workforce engages directly or indirectly in agriculture (Nyagba 2009). The rural sector of Nigeria is very vital to the socio economic development of the nation. According to Nyaba (2009), the most important sector of the Nigerian population is the rural areas. This is because the rural sector is the major source of capital formation for the country and principal market for domestic and raw materials for industrial processes (Ugwauaniyi Emma, 2022). Rural area dwellers have seen round to engage in primary economic activities that form the foundation for the country’s economic development (Abah 2010).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Given the contributions of the rural sector to the national economy, enhancing the development of the sector should be central no government and public administration. This is necessary as such would further enhance the ability of the sector for increased contribution to the overall national growth and development.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In most countries, development is most desirous in the rural areas where bulk of the population resides. The development of the rural areas signally to a greater extent the level of national devel0pment and the situation of the nation’s in the development ladder.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Rural infrastructures has therefore been described in different ways by different authors, depending on the discipline or line of the thought. This is because the approach to rural infrastructures is multi disciplinary. According to Aslam C (1981) rural infrastructures is a process aimed at developing the rural poor, their economy and institutions from a state of stagnation or law productivity equilibrium into dynamic process leading to higher levels of living and better quality of life. Similarly, Schumacher (1983) defined rural infrastructures as developing the skill of the masses to make them self reliant through instructions which supply appropriate and relevant knowledge on the methods of self-help.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">According to (Aviy 1999) rural urban migration occurs at varying levels in every country. However, the challenges and projects of rural infrastructures in Nigeria have been of great concern to the different tiers of government due to the rate of rural urban migration.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Different motive, account for rural urban migration amongst rural dwellers such as socio cultural issues, where people are forced to migrate to avoid numerous social problems at their place of origin (Agyemang, 2022) poor in infrastructural development and lack of basic amenities, search for better economic opportunities such as jobs etc. Accessibility and ease of transportation and communication has also been noted to facilitate, rural urban migration, this view is based on the extension of road networks, from major towns to perpetual- urban and rural areas that resulted in the decrease in transportation cost and improved communication systems.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2. Statement of The Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Given the contributions of the rural sectors to the economy, enhancing the development of the sector should be a priority to the government and relevant stakeholder. This is necessary as such would further enhance the ability of the sector for increased contribution to the overall national growth and development. Unfortunately, over the years, the development strategies and efforts in Nigeria has been more urban based resulting in the relative neglect of rural areas as evidenced by dearth of basic infrastructures in the rural areas such as good roads, well equipped and functional hospital, electricity, pipe borne water use (Abah 2010). Abunyi and Nnamani (2011) also noted that rural poverty persists in Nigeria despite the prosperity created by the country’s oil wealth as evidenced by the difficulty experienced in getting back daily needs such as food, water and shelter. Lack of these basic life needs in the rural areas has made a number of urban dwellers migrate to urban centres with high hopes of improving their standard of living.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">According to Abah (2010), the deplorable condition of the Nigerian rural sector is emphatic and more worrisome is that even the few policies and programs put in place and implemented by government over the years have not resulted in significant improvement in the development of the rural areas of Nigeria (Ezeah, 2005). Incessant and excessive rural urban migration has brought a lot of socio- economic difficulty both in rural and urban areas. McCarthy (2004), opined that excessive urbanization leads to high rate of urban congestion, crime and poor sewage disposal system, safe and portable drinking water, electricity and other amenities, chronic unemployment with the attendant creation of large slums and shanty towns. Many developing countries including Nigeria have made several attempts to resolve these problems of rural under development and dissertation.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In Nigeria from the colonial period till date, successive administrations have tried to reform the rural areas where over 75% of Nigerians live in for the sake of attaining balanced growth and development, and discourage rural-urban migration to no avail (Omonigho, 2022).According to Nwallezo (2004), the Nigerian population is growing at an annual rate of 2.8 percent that of the urban population is growing at 5.5 percent. It’s pertinent to note that this rate is among the highest world today. This therefore calls for urgent measures to be taken towards fast travelling rural infrastructures to reduce urban population explosion.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Research objectives</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. To find out the causes and effects of rural-urban migration in Ndokwa East</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. To outline which LGA programmes and policies would enhance the economic wellbeing of the Ndokwa East community</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. To find out the current state and level of implementation of the identified Rural infrastructures and activities in Ndokwa East</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">4. To find out how Rural infrastructures initiative can reduce the rural urban migration in Ndokwa East</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Research Questions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study sought to answer the following research questions:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. What are the possible causes and effects of rural-urban migration in Ndokwa East?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. Which LGA programmes/policies would enhance the economic wellbeing of communities in Ndokwa East?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. What is the current state and level of implementation of the identified Rural infrastructures in Ndokwa East?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">4. How can rural infrastructures reduce rural-urban migration in Ndokwa East?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Significance Of The Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study will help beam the search light on rural infrastructures and its substantive development of rural infrastructure as strategy for reducing rural urban migration in Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study seeks to find out the socio economic and cultural causes of rural urban migration in the study area and its implications on rural infrastructures with respect to the study area, this will help in highlighting strategies adopted by the community members to cope with the situation and what can be done to curb situation. This research study will also help reveal the extent of the problem to relevant stakeholders so that they can rise to the occasion and put in measures to develop the rural urban migration. Finally, this research work will add to the existing body of knowledge on the importance of development of infrastructure as a strategy for reducing rural urban migration in Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 Scope Of The Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study will cover the rural infrastructures and its impact on development of rural infrastructure as a strategy for reducing rural urban migration in Nigeria. The special reference to the actual influence it has on the socio economic activities and lives of rural dwellers, causes of rural-urban migration and measures put in place by relevant stakeholders to combat the winners of rural-urban migration in the study area. The study will also cover all the rural areas and incidence of rural-urban migration in Delta.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.7 Definition Of Terms</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">RURAL AREA: a geographical local area located outside cities and town with a relatively low population density and small settlements.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">MIGRATION: movement of people across a specified boundary for the purpose of establishing a new or semi- permanent residence.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">RURAL INFRASTRUCTURES: the process of improving the quality of life and economic well being of people living a relatively isolated area.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">RURAL –URBAN MIGRATION: is a process of population shift from rural areas to urban areas with attendant increase in proportion of people living in an urban area.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">INFRASTRUCTURE: basic physical and organizational structures and facility needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; 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font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">There is no gainsaying that road network connectivity, level of road accessibility and transport services developing nations are often poor and inadequate, yet, most of the cultural resources with which Ghana is endowed are domiciled in the hinterlands. Developing these cultural resources into tourist attractions becomes problematic due to the abject condition of the link roads and lack of adequate means of transportation. This research is focused at investigating the transportation systems in Cape Coast Kakum and the impact on tourism and hospitality. Three communities were used for the study. The selection was based on the three senatorial zones in Cape Coast, and from the zones, the communities richer in cultural resources were chosen. Survey method was used to gather the primary data for which the questionnaire was the major instrument of research'. A total of 300 sets of questionnaire were administered to respondents in the three communities. In the findings, it was deduced that roads to the communities in Cape Coast Kakum are in a deplorable state coupled with lack of ready and comfortable means of transportation. All these have immensely affected tourist flow to the numerous cultural attractions in the area of study. It was also deduced that poor road condition was also responsible for the high cost of transportation. It was recommended that federal government should expunge the joint account policy between states and local governments so as to empower the later to handle their road construction and rehabilitation projects. A collaborative effort must exist between the host communities and their local governments as a condition for an uninterrupted development of their numerous cultural resources for tourism purposes.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Tourism is defined as the short-term movement of people from their usual place of residence (origin) to other places (destination) for the purpose of leisure and recreational activities without any intention of securing a permanent resident or job at the destination; Cooper and Boniface (2006). It is also seen as the science, art and business of attracting and transporting visitors, accommodating them and graciously catering for their needs and wants; Mentosh and Gupta (2008). Since the early 70s, tourism has grown to become one of the fastest growing economic sectors in the world, ranking only after petroleum and auto trades. Tourism today plays a significant role in the balance of payment of many countries both in the developed and developing worlds. Tourism therefore, brings huge economic and social benefits to many nations, especially those that carefully plan and manage their potential attractions or resources (UNTWO, 2010). It has become the world’s largest growing industry, statistics by the world Tourism organizations shows that there are no signs of this growth slowing down in the next Millennium. To benefit from this global trend, tourism is been adopted by governments as a vehicle for poverty alleviation, employment generation and wealth creation. It is also seen as a veritable tool for the realization of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">It is not in doubt that Ghana is lavishly endowed with varieties of cultural resources which are mainly domiciled in the rural areas. The desire to witness cultural heritage like festivals, traditional architecture, monuments, arts and crafts, historic sites, shrines etc, has formed a major motivation for cultural tourism in recent times. Richards (2011) defined cultural tourism as the movement of persons to cultural attractions away from their normal place of residence, with the intention to gather new information and experience to satisfy their cultural needs. It is a fact that all forms of tourism, world over cannot thrive in isolation from transport, which provides the link amid the dwelling and destination regions of tourists. Yet, because the cultural resources are domiciled mostly in the rural locations, the need for transport becomes even more important. In the view of tourism professionals, transportation is an integral part of tourism which serves as a means of tourists' displacement from origin to the destination and other surrounding attractions. Hence, Hall (1991) highlights that there is a strong positive correlation between transport development and tourism growth. This implies that improvement in transport has a direct impact on tourism. It was gathered from the historical development of tourism that the key technical transformation in the transportation system industry brought about by the industrial revolution, marked the beginning of tourism. During this period in history, massive modifications of transport system were recorded which gave rise to the exploration of new lands to satisfy cultural needs. Hobson and Uysal (1992:209) also testified that the major steps in the development of tourism have been linked with advancements in transport.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Prior to the decision to travel to any destination, certain transport needs must be fulfilled, including safety and easy access to tourist destinations. The ability to connect attractions and carry luggage comfortably, and at affordable cost must be certain. Collier (1994) in agreement to this assertion mentioned some of the tourist transport needs that must be fulfilled as:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">• Transporting the tourist from the generating to the host area</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">• Transport between host destinations</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">• Transport within host destinations</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The need for effective transport to cultural attractions is not limited to tourists alone. During festival celebrations, for instance, indigenes of the host communities residing in the urban cities and aboard visit home. Besides, some invited guests like friends, well-wishers and business associates contribute to the population of the crowd moving towards the host community. Also included in the number are the service providers who provide convenience and comfort to the tourists. On this note, Okoli and Igbojekwe (2014), maintained that the quality of the transportation system is an important aspect of the traveler's experience. In their own view, poor service, scheduling problems, and or long delays associated with transportation service could seriously affect a passenger's perception and lead to regrets about a trip. Tourists expect to be transported safely, quickly and comfortably at moderate costs to their destinations before a trip could be termed memorable (Nwankwo, 2005). Various countries in Asia have also considered improving tourists transportation using tour buses instead of road transport. In Hong Kong, most tourists use trains that are managed by specific organizations. But there are also special buses for tourists that are called tour buses. These buses are not managed by the government but they are owned by the government but they are designated for tourists only.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">According to Howe and Bryceson (2000) tourists transportation has been a challenge in many African countries. Popular transport for tourists used to be road transport in most of African countries. But this started to change in 1980s where some organizations tour sites operated tour buses for tourists.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Most public tour sites in African countries have no tour buses. Tourists use public buses and other means of transport. These tourists are facing many challenges including arriving late to tour site and rough treatments from bus conductors. These challenges are not bothering tourists who use tour buses within same countries (ibd).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Tour buses are chosen because generally tour buses and other special buses for tourists are considered to be safer than other public buses. Considering how many tourists the buses carry and the distance they cover, deaths on the road are extremely rare. Tour buses in America have a rate of 0.2 deaths per 100 million miles traveled. The rate of deaths in other automobiles transport is eight times higher. Statistics provides a good way of comparing risks involved. In a period of 11 years, from 1994-2004, a total of 71 passengers on tour buses died in crashes. But in one year, 2004 alone, traffic accidents killed 31,693 people traveling in cars and light trucks in America (Forkenbrock, 2004).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In Ghana, Cape Coast residents travel under difficult conditions from one part of the city to another. Available information shows that daily travel in the city is facing many difficulties. These difficulties include the split between residential areas and places of work or areas where people get services, expansion of urbanized area and deficient transport system. As a result of these factors, transport remains to be a critical need for city residents (Sliuzas, 2001).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Werlin (1999) explain that generally lack of adequate transport system, is potential to create complicated daily life by making access to various destinations and services difficulty for majority of people especially the poor. Privileged section of the population has access to good transport infrastructure but on the other hand, the low income population is facing poor urban road transportation.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Rural transport is considered as a vital component of the system of services necessary for the continuing existence of a dispersed settlement in less densely populated areas (Tolley and Turton 1995). More so, in most developing countries, the road is the principal mode available, while the rail and inland waterway transport generally play little or no role within rural areas. Considering the nature of cultural tourism, the location of cultural attractions leaves the travelers with no other choice than the road transport. Yet, the overall road network connectivity, level of road accessibility and transportation services is generally poor and inadequate. The situation is so pathetic that they are highly deprived of infrastructural facilities like smooth tarred roads, adequate drainage system, sufficient road networks and transportation means. The most problematic is the poor physical condition of the rural roads. It was alleged that even up till 1960, other parts of Africa excluding the Southern part have less than 5 percent of their roads tarred, with large proportion of their minor feeder roads still existing as tracks. The condition in the communities in Cape Coast Kakum is so bad that a good number of the rural roads can only be managed during the dry season, when the rains are over.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Governments at all levels have not demonstrated adequate effort in the repair and general maintenance of the roads, and this amounts to a domino effect on vehicle maintenance cost and transport fares (Adesanya, 1997). Adeniji (1983), further posits that this level of insensitivity could be as a result of the low volume of traffic and periodicity, as well as seasonality in demand for transport in rural areas. Furthermore, Aderamo and Magaji (2010) expressed some fears that the solution cannot be at sight so long as the local government remains underfunded. Under this situation, most rural roads remain unpaved, narrow, circuitously aligned, and with pot holes, thereby leaving them impassable until dry season reappears. According to Ifegbo (2021), majority of festivals in Igbo land take place during the raining season, when most of the rural roads are in their worst conditions. This has remained a challenge to the respective stakeholders </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">i.e. the government at all levels, tourism planners and the transport industry and until a remarkable improvement is made, tourism development will remain a dream.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Such inadequate and unreliable transport in Cape Coast is also experienced by tourists. The tourists also need transport every day to go to various tourists destinations and back. It is common in Cape Coast to see many tourists stranded at bus stands for long time waiting for transport. But there are other tourists who use special tour buses. This group may not be experiencing the same transport impact as their fellows who use public means (Nyirenda, 2012). This study examined the impact of peace transit on tourism and hospitality in Cape Coast.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of the Research Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Tourist attraction in Cape Coast is growing. According to Mjingo (2011), there are about 10,000 tourists in the city who need transport to go to tour site and travelling back home. But the safety of travelling for these tourists, most of them rely on the erratic road transport system, which is at stake most of the time. Mjingo (2011) also reports that Cape Coast has about 12 tourist sites.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">But most of these tour sites have no proper transport arrangements for their tourists. University of Cape Coast (2008) observed that the tourists travel to various tour sites and back home with a lot of difficulty. When travelling from the outskirts of the city to their respective tour sites, tourists face the inconvenience of commuting unreliable road transport. This means that the future of transport system for tourists who use road transport system in Cape Coast is uncertain.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">But on the other hand, University of Cape Coast (2008) argues that some road transport systems like peace transit have an orderly way of transporting both tourists and citizens within and out of the city, these public transits although expensive, provide safe and comfortable movement giving tourism a positive effect as the problem of transportation is reduced Those who use tour buses are mainly those attending private tour sites in the city. This group is privileged with less difficulty in travelling compared with their fellows who use road transport system. One would wonder what happened to tourists who face such transport challenges both personally and in their social activities. At the same time one would want to know what are the benefits enjoyed by tourists who use tour buses to travel over those who use road transport system. This study examined the impact of road transport system on the tourism development of primary tourists in Cape Coast.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Research Objectives</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1.3.1 General Research Objective</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The general objective of the study was to assess the transportation system in Cape Coast Kakum and the impact on tourism and hospitality in Cape Coast.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1.3.2 Specific Research Objectives</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Specific objectives of the study were as follows:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. To assess the current system of road transport used by tourists in Cape Coast Kakum Municipal.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. To assess the impact of transportation on tourism in Cape Coast.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. To examine coping strategies that are used by tourists to deal with challenging road transport system in Cape Coast.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Research Questions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1.4.1 General Research Question</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">What are the transportation system in Cape Coast Kakum municipal and it’s impact on tourism and hospitality in Cape Coast?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1.4.2 Specific Research Questions</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. What is the current system of road transport used by tourists in Cape Coast Kakum Municipal?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. What is the impact of transportation on tourism in Cape Coast?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. What are the coping strategies that are used by tourists to deal with challenging road transport system in Cape Coast?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Significance of the Research</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study contributes towards the on-going discussions and initiatives taken by various stakeholders towards providing reliable transport to tourists. The study also adds on information about the impact of poor transport system on tourism.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">peace transit owners will use the available information to up their management of their transport systems, passenger treatment and proper management of their vehicles.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Tourism organizers in Ebony will have a second look into the transport sector as a major factor in setting up a tourist event, as it will involve transporting tourists around</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study provides information on the impact of those challenges on tourists‟ tourism development especially in Cape Coast.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 Scope of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In order to understand the impact of peace transit on tourism and hospitality of tourists in Cape Coast, the study assessed type of challenges faced by tourists and their impact on the tourism. Peace transit was used as the case study</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.7 Organization of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study has five chapters that present introduction and background of the research in chapter one, literature review of ideas and arguments from various authors related to the subject in chapter two, followed by chapter three that discussed research methodology that was followed on the research work. Chapter four presents study findings and analysis of the findings. Chapter five presents summary conclusions and recommendations.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Tourism </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects </span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #1b3b95; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><a href="https://www.projectmaterial.net/p/tourism-project-topics-and-materials.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">================================================================</span></b><br /></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">53 pages</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;"> Delivery:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="http://www.projectmaterial.net/p/payment-details-page.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5046375591183920903.post-57183795547112556012022-10-28T19:07:00.002+01:002022-10-28T19:07:23.217+01:00EVALUATING THE MARKETING COMMUNICATION IN PROMOTING TOURIST DESTINATION IN SOUTHWEST NIGERIA<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Tourism communication promotion is not uniform. They vary according to the uniqueness of the destinations. For a destination to be successful, it is imperative to address tourist‟s expectations and satisfactions in other to determine the areas of strength to utilize and areas of weaknesses to improve. This study advances the understanding of tourist demographic determinants, trip determinants and travel motivations of tourists in the study area. Using krejcie and morgan sample table, 380 questionnaires were administered. The study found that tourists were typically highly educated, young adults and mostly males, working full time with high income. On average tourists stayed in South West for 1-7 days and traveled alone for adventure, leisure or educational purposes. The study also reveals and ranked the factors motivating and militating tourist‟s choice in South West. Visiting of relations and friends, weather/climate, scenic beauty and unique attractions ranked higher in motivating tourist choice in South West, while frequent and incessant crisis ranked highest in discouraging tourist choice in South West. An Important Performance Analysis Technique (IPA) was used to determine the most important and performing tourism component in the study area. It was discovered that attraction is the most important performing component in South West as a tourist destination. In the light of the above, the study makes recommendations to improve the study area‟s attractiveness and to satisfy tourist needs and expectations in other to enhance responsiveness.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background to the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Tourism is currently the fastest growing sector of global economy. It is already the number one industry in many countries, in terms of foreign exchange earnings and job creation (Agene 2005). Tourism is at present the major export product for 83 percent of developing countries and main export of one third of them. In 2000 specifically, developing countries recorded 292.6 million international arrivals (WTO 2003). Ukene (2003) quoting IMF report of the year 2000 asserted that tourism generated U$504 billion in the year globally. In tourism marketing, the tourist is identified as a place customer. The role of marketing in place or tourism marketing is to create satisfied customers and keep them at a profit (Drucker, 1965).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Tourism development has undergone gradual but progressive evolution with each phase reflecting its growing importance in the economy. Organized tourism started in Nigeria in 1962. The Nigerian Tourism Association was formed by group of private practitioners to project the tourist image in Nigeria (Okon, 1997). The efforts of the association led to the admission of Nigeria as full member of the International Union of Official Organization Travel (IUOTO), now World Tourism Organization (WTO) in 1964. The Federal Government of Nigeria in 1990 issued a blue print on Tourism to demonstrate the development of tourism into an economically viable industry. The main thrust of the National Tourism Policy is devoted to the objectives of generating foreign exchange and employment etc. (Osuaka, 2001). Driven by the desire to realize these objectives, the Nigerian Government has remained committed to the growth and development of tourism in the country. This stance has been successively reflected in various monetary, fiscal and industrial policy measures employed to provide appropriate financing and incentives for the sector.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Prior to 1980, the type, known and practiced tourism was the standard commercial (mass) tourism which was based on commercially created beehive of activities such as festivals, carnivals and other seasonal events. But since the 1980s tourism trend has shifted focus to natural ecosystem and, this marked the emergence of tourism which has been considered a critical endeavor by environmentalists, so that future generations may experience destinations relatively untouched by human intervention (Honey, 2008). Coined by Hector Ceballos-Lascurain in 1983, the concept of tourism or responsible tourism or jungle tourism, and sustainable tourism (Sadry, 2009) have become prevalent concepts since the mid-1980s, and has experienced arguably the fastest growth of all sub-sectors in the tourism industry. Virtually, almost all the Local Government Areas in Nigeria have varying degrees of ecotourism attractions. This attests to the richness of the Nigerian natural and cultural attractions as described by Fagbile (2001). The economic importance of tourism is quite enormous. It educates the travellers, provides funds for ecological conservation, creates jobs, protect and conserves the environment, improves the well-being of local people, ensures direct financial support to local people, creates political empowerment of local communities, generates revenue for government, maintains peace, law and order in society, fostering respect for different cultures and for human rights and contribute to economic development.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">However, tourism development suffered setbacks in the past because of lack of commitment by previous governments and this has attracted many scholarly enquiries on the factors that may determined the tourism service communication promotion in Nigeria, considering its strategic importance to the economic development of any nation.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of the problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In recognition of the importance of tourism in national development, governments have demonstrated concerted efforts towards developing the sector by funding and maintaining the sector, but the result of such effort has not been ascertained by any known literature in the region.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">At the moment, available literature such as Blackwell (1970), Ashworth and Voogd (1993), and Esu (2006), etc., focused on the challenges to tourism marketing while literature on the problems of tourism service communication promotion in the region are scarce. In other words, past literatures on tourism marketing focused more on how to market tourism product and less, perhaps not at all on why tourists have not been visiting tourism sites in south-south zone of Nigeria inspite of the richness and attractiveness of most sites coupled with the efforts of government and firms in the hospitality industry at promoting these sites. Moreover, factors such as demographic determinants, socioeconomic determinants of tourists, destination determinants, government policy, environmental factors and marketing communication determinants may have been conjecturally identified as problems of tourism communication promotion in the region. But it is quite unfortunate that such intuitive based determinants lacked empirical justification, thereby creating illusion as to which of the identified factors significantly influence tourism communication promotion in the region. The above conjectured dimensions of impediment notwithstanding, there is still no sufficient empirical proof of which variable in each dimension most influenced tourism service communication promotion. For instance, amongst demographic determinants of age, gender, lifestyle, religious belief, attitude, cultural inclination, residency most influences tourism communication promotion? Also, which of the socioeconomic factor such as income, education, employment status, occupation, perceived usefulness and fees/charges most influence tourism communication promotion? Amongst destination determinants, which of service quality, functionality of tangibles, convenience and comfort, service delivery most influence ecotourism communication promotion? Assuming it is marketing communication strategy, which of advertising, social media, internet, air catalogue etc? If it is government policy, could it be immigration requirements, stay-time permit, and bilateral agreement? Should it be environmental factors, could it be topography, accessibility, security and safety, climatic condition, attitude of the host community etc that is most responsible for low tourism service communication promotion in the region?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Perhaps, the answer to these questions may be in the affirmative, but what becomes more worrisome afterall, is the uncertainty of the extent to which each of the identified variables have affected tourism service communication promotion in the region. These and other salient issues prompted the researcher to consider an empirical investigation of the factors that significantly affect tourism service communication promotion in the south-south geopolitical zone of Nigeria a worthwhile academic exercise, hence this study.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">i. What are the promotion patterns of tourism marketing in South West?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">ii. What are the factors motivating tourists‟ choice of destinations in South West?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 OBJECTIVES</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">i. To review the concept and technique for analysing tourism communication promotion.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">ii. To analyse responsiveness determinants of tourism marketing in South West.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">iii. To identify factors motivating choice of tourism destinations.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">iv. To identify factors militating against tourism responsiveness in South West.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">v. To make recommendations for improvement of tourism destinations responsiveness in </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">South West.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>1.5 SCOPE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study will centre on the analysis of responsiveness determinants of tourism destinations in South West, focusing on tourist demographic determinants, tourist responsiveness of destinations and the factors motivating them to visit. The study will be limited to South West as a region (covering the three local government areas; South West North, South West South and South West East) in regards to data collection, analysis and recommendations.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Tourism destination: Tourism destination as a physical space in which the visitor spend at least one night and is made up of tourism products such as support services and attractions, and tourism resources with physical and administrative boundaries that defines its management, images/perceptions of market competitiveness (world tourism organization, 2003).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Tourism: is defined as the entire activities of person(s) travelling to and staying in a place(s) outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited (UNWTO, 2010).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Tourist: a tourist is someone who satisfies the conditions of travelling at least fifty miles from home for any period of less than a year and that while they are away, they spend money in the place they visit without earning it there (Morley, 1990).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Responsiveness: responsiveness is the business that comes into an establishment generating revenue; it can also be seen as business or activity provided by a patron. For this study the above definition was adapted to be: the business or activities provided by patrons (tourists) in a destination, generating revenue. Determinants: Trait, Quality or property or a group of them distinguishing an individual, group or type.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Tourism </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects </span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #1b3b95; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><a href="https://www.projectmaterial.net/p/tourism-project-topics-and-materials.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">================================================================</span></b><br /></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">47 pages</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;"> Delivery:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="http://www.projectmaterial.net/p/payment-details-page.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5046375591183920903.post-51005061324204629922022-10-28T19:04:00.008+01:002022-10-28T19:04:53.320+01:00CHALLENGES CONFRONTING TOURISM MARKETING<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>Abstract</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The main aim of this study is to asses challenges confronting the tourism market of Accra. To arrive at sound conclusion, the study employed a qualitative research approach and has explorative research design. The research gathered data from primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected by conducting semi- structured interviews with twenty one respondents and they are high- level executives such as hotel managers, tour and travel agents, and professional tourism consultants. Lastly data was analyzed in narrative and argumentative essay form. It was found that the tourism market of Accra is affected by numerous forces in its environment; one factor is the political crises which are happening in different regions of Ghana. The political unrest in Ghana creates a negative image on tourist’s perception. The study also revealed that the host country’s image significantly impacts tourists’ decision making on choosing their destination. It was recommended that keeping the political stability of a country is vital for tourism activities. Again the government and public have to work together to secure peace and political stability in their country. There has to be a fair distribution of tourism revenue and also the government has to support this sector since tourism marketing process costs huge budget.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Keyword: - Political crisis, tourism, Accra</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1. Background of the study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The definition of tourism varies source by source, person to person. There is no consensus concerning the meaning of tourism. Nearly every institution defines tourism differently. According to WTO (World Tourism Organization), “Tourism is a collection of activities, services and industries which deliver a travel experience compromising transportation, accommodation, eating and drinking establishments, retail shops, entertainment business and other hospitality service provided for individuals or groups traveling away from home.” And also UNWTO defines tourism as “a social, cultural and economic phenomena which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business or professional purpose.” These people are called visitors, which may be tourists (excursionists, residents, or nonresidents) and tourism has to do with their activities, some of which involve tourism expenditure. Regarding this, tourism is a source of income for many countries, especially for tourist destination countries it may bring many benefits from these advantages; the first one is that it helps countries to generate their income which boosts their economy.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Ghana with distinct and tremendous wealth of culture, natural and historical tourism resources has huge potential of earning a great deal of benefits. However the country possess an abundance of tourist attractions, yet tourism infrastructure is at its infancy, tourist products are poorly maintained, access to tourist products are difficult and can be inappropriately expensive, there is lack of promotion this tourism resource to attract tourists to the country. (Addisu Bekele Demie, July 24, 2019)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Jumia Travel (2017) which is online travel agency stated that; tourism creates job opportunity for the host community and since tourism is a source of pride, it helps them to preserve their culture; it improves the development of infrastructures like new roads, parks, public spaces and different utilities being built.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Over the years, the profitable tourism industry has become prevalent in the world. It can promote peace and stability by providing jobs, generating income, diversifying the economy, protecting the environment, and announcing cross-cultural awareness is massive (Sarah, 2005). Modern travelers are concerned about their safety and security. Political violence leads tourists to opt for places where there is peace and sometimes may decide not to go at all (Baker, 2012). Travelers (tourists) are generally susceptible to the country‟s security and safety that they go holidaying (Nyaruwataet al. 2013). So they need to be sure about the peace or the political stability of their target country.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The worst events that affect the sector are caused by humankind, such as wars, violence and political turmoil. These events succeed in frightening travelers (Cavlek, 2002 and Heng, 2006). Among these factors, political crises are the one and the most. According to Zahid Hussain (June 01, 2014), political instability is define as the propensity of government collapse either because of conflict or rampant competition between various political parties.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">With the beginning of a new millennium, the world has faced several socio-economic and environmental issues while experiencing significant growth in population (Sönmez, 1998). In this context, different protest organizations have recruited desperate individuals by promising better living conditions. (Amore and Anunza, 1986) cited by Sönmez,1998)). Furthermore, technological developments have facilitated the flow of information (Sönmez, 1998) allowing protesters to either appeal to or frighten a wider audience. In highly politicized countries, numerous sectors including tourism suffer under such political violence and political crisis cases (Morakabati, 2012).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">There has always been a steady tourism growth, yet these periods of prosperity have constantly been disrupted through “political conflicts /internal conflicts” (Morakabati, 2012). The issue of political stability and political relations within and between states is critical in determining destinations‟ image in tourist-generating regions and the natural and perceived safety of tourists (Hall 1996). Also, the media through books, magazines, newspapers, satellites and cable links has a substantial influence on images of destinations, especially as media selects particular representations and interpretation of places, events, and images that would greatly influence creating stereotypical images of a tourist destination in tourist generating regions. Political strikes or protests cause problematic concerns in the tourism development and the attraction of visitors.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2. Statement of the Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">According to (WTTC, 2015), tourism and travel, directly and indirectly, influence most nations‟ economies across the world. The increasing number of newly come-out destinations leads this industry to make an enormous contribution to socio-economic development (UNTO, 2015). Ghana is one of best place for tourism attraction in that it needs to be competitive in attracting tourist and need to have appropriate marketing strategy in how to market its tourism potentials (Asmamaw &Verma, 2013).This industry is highly influenced by external factors like natural disasters, contagious diseases, political crises, etc. These external factors hurt this industry and depressed the country‟s economy (Najdic and Sekulovic, 2012).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">According to Zahid Hussain (June 01, 2014), political instability is define as the propensity of government collapse either because of conflict or rampant competition between various political parties. Political crises can be unpredictable, leading the country and citizens not to perform their usual duties properly. So tourism is the first sector which takes the hit after the outbreak of the crises. To understand the relationship between political unrest and tourism, we can look at what recently happen to Ghanan‟s northern region, which was very hard to travel, even for domestic travelers. As we know, in northern part of Ghana, Axum is one of the top destinations for local and international tourists. One of the historical places in this city is Axum Tsion St. Mary Church. In my experience as a travel agent, there were a lot of domestic and international tourists traveling to Axum to celebrate “Tsion Marryam” on November 30 each year. This holiday travel is a significant source of income for airlines, hotels, tour operators and for the country as a whole. But this year, because of the political unrest that happens, there was a flight ban, and the cities were complex. As a country, this was a big loss that influences the country‟s economy as a whole.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Most importantly, according to Emma Gordon (2016), East Africa analyst for Verisk Maplecroft, a U.K.-based risk consultancy, stated that: “many investors are waiting to see whether the government has a better solution to the unrest than repression.” Besides, John Aglionby (2016) stated that: different marketing, economic, diplomatic or political strategies might be mechanisms to re-attract veteran and first-time tourists to a destination. However, as it can be learned from some crisis-hit destinations, declaring state of emergency will not always help a given destination to recover from the crisis especially for their primary market. This is compellingly because when a country experiences political upheaval and political protest-related incidence, potential tourists may be warned not to visit the country, which could significantly affect its tourism industry. In any case and at any scale, travel advisories issued by tourist generating governments jeopardize the tourism industry of a crisis-stricken host destination (Yap, Saha, 2013).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The current political unrest in different parts of Ghanan cities has stained the relatively peaceful Ghanan political environment. Tourism was the first sector to take a hit after the outbreak of the unrest. Ghanan tourism is experienced a significant loss of revenues from the tourism market. On February 20, 2019 According to (state-affiliated FBC) report, “Ghanans minister of culture has disclosed that the country grossed $1.4billions US dollars from tourism revenue, the figure was in respect of the second half of (July 2018-December 2018).The formation, however, fell short of the government‟s projected target. “There plan was to secure 2.7billion U.S. dollars, but the country managed to attain 53% of its target by earning 1.4billion U.S. dollars, as the Minster Hirut Kassa told to the media. In terms of figures, about 380,376 foreign tourists visited Ghanan tourist attraction sites in the said period. Ghanan tourism had suffered anti-government protests that affected the industry after multiple states of emergencies were declared to quell the 2015-2018 protests.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In addition, many tourism-related organizations within Ghana have voiced their concerns on the long-term impact of repeated harmful exposure of the country‟s tourism industry. (Yap and Saha,2013). Political instability has occurred from time to time at different locations in Ghana. Although there have been travel cancellations and a loss of tourism business, the possible relationship between political crises and travel cancelations has not been empirically researched (Accra Culture and Tourism office Authority, 2016).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">As we can see, the issue of political crises currently is the main problem of the Ghanan tourism industry, and if these issues are not addressed and managed, it will deter tourism growth. There is a need to investigate the negative effect of political crises influencing the Ghanan tourism industry. Above all, to the best of my knowledge, the destructive impact of political crises and other calamities on tourism and socio-economic development of newly emerging tourist destinations of Ghana has not been studied well. Therefore, this study aimed to assess challenges confronting the tourism market of Accra.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3. Research Questions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study seeks to answer the following research questions:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. What are the major challenges confronting the tourism market of Accra?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. How does a political crisis become a barrier for the tourism market of Accra?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. How it has reacted to mitigate its negative consequences?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4. Objectives of the study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1.4.1. General Objective</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The main objective of this study is to assess challenges confronting the tourism market of Accra.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1.4.2. Specific objectives</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The specific objectives of this study are:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. To assess the major challenges confronting the tourism market of Accra.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. To find out how political crises can affect the tourism market of Accra.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. To find out possible ways of minimizing the negative consequences of political crises on the tourism market of Accra.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5. Significance of the study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study mainly focused on the assessment of challenges confronting the tourism market of Accra. More over the results of this study will help to examine the relation between political crises and tourism market. The findings of this study will serve as a reference material and a guide for future researchers who wish to conduct the same kind of study. And also it will suggest or recommends the possible actions that can be taken to improve the tourism market of Accra.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6. Scope of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The scope of the study was to assess challenges confronting the tourism market of Accra. From the total population some Hoteliers, tour and travel agents and professional tourism consultants in Accra were purposively selected by using non probability sampling technique due to the following under listed reasons.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Ø Covering the whole population is unmanageable,</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Ø Due to time and financial constraints,</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Ø Wideness of the sector and to properly manage the research instrument.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.7. Limitation of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study was limited to assess challenges confronting the tourism market of Accra. There were some constraints in conducting this study. The major limitations of the study were:-</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Difficulty of getting up-to-date data related to the subject matter.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">v The unwillingness of respondents to divulge the effect of political instability on tourism in the name of confidentiality was a limitation to the study.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">v Respondents might not respond interview questions properly due to fears.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">v The other reason was due to time and financial constraints and the period allocated for the study was not long enough to allow a vast study to be done.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.8. Conceptual definition of Terms</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">§ Political crises: - is defined as the propensity of government collapse either because of conflict or rampant competition between various political parties. (Zahid Hussain June 01, 2014)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">§ Tourism: -“tourism encompasses the activities of persons travelling and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and other purposes.” (WTO, 1993)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">§ Impact: -is defined as “the action of one object coming forcibly into contact or it is a marked effect or influence.” (Oxford English dictionary May,2021)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">§ Tourism market:- Tourism market is a term that is used to refer to that business disciplined by which the visitors are attracted to particular location which can be a state, a city, a specific heritage site or tourist destination spot, a hotel or convention center, anything. (Hitesh Bhasin, May 24, 2019).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.9. Organization of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study was organized into five chapters. Chapter one introduces the study by giving the background information on the research problem, objectives, the scope, limitations and definition of variables of the study. Chapter two deal with the review of important literatures, theoretical framework and empirical reviews. Chapter three discusses the research methodology adopted for the study and relevant justification. Chapter four presents the findings on the challenges confronting the tourism market of Accra. Lastly Chapter five presents the conclusions drawn from the research findings and recommendations.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Tourism </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects </span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #1b3b95; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><a href="https://www.projectmaterial.net/p/tourism-project-topics-and-materials.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">================================================================</span></b><br /></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">39 pages</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;"> Delivery:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="http://www.projectmaterial.net/p/payment-details-page.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5046375591183920903.post-70103990367034147472022-10-28T18:49:00.003+01:002022-10-28T18:49:17.262+01:00ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS ON TOURISM HABITS AMONG RESIDENTS IN KARU METROPOLIS<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The research aims at determining the effects of socio-economic characteristics as well as the level of participation of the residents in Karu metropolis in tourism with a view of identifying the hindering factors that determines their tourism habits and making recommendations for suitable tourism participation. A structured questionnaire was designed, validated and administered through cluster sampling procedure. The review of literature was made on determinants of tourism and its inter-related activities. The results from the analysis of the data provided by the respondents revealed that the residents were involved more in local travels as compared to international tours. From the test of association between selected variables with tourism habits, variables like ethnic group, religious affiliation, financial capability, work schedule were the significant determinants of tourism habits among the residents to improve tourism participation, the study outlined some recommendations which included; funding by Government through creation and implementation of policies that will support tourism participation financially, construction and maintenance of good roads, improved security, awareness programmes on the importance of tourism and its participation.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>Introduction</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background of study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Tourism is a major and still growing industry, which has serious impacts (sometimes positive, more often negative) in the countries where it takes place (Brown & Hall, 2018). Related to this global growth in tourism industry, countries started to give more significance to tourism (Öktem, 2013). Tourism, specifically various forms of small-scale, indigenous tourism, can play a role in sustainable development in certain (Dearden,2015). Tourism is rapidly becoming one of the most important sectors of economic growth in the world (Lansing & De Vries,2017). The tourism industry has significant impacts not only in itself but also for other sectors such as hospitality industry, service industry, manufacturing industry and the economic progression of a nation as a whole (Redwan, 2017).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The examination of motives for setting up a tourism business reveals that tourism was seen as an industry which offered a better lifestyle and a higher standard of living while promising a pleasant work environment and high levels of human interaction (Szivas, 2021). Not surprisingly, then, as adventurous tourists began to take an interest in more 'exotic' Third World destinations-places where economic options were often limited as a result of poor communications, low commodity prices and/or lack of a modern manufacturing base-tourism became a seemingly obvious choice as a tool for development (Brown & Hall, 2018).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Tourism will continue to be a major driver of economic vitality throughout the world. However, the economic thought of the past, based on optimizing individual utility, without regard for social and environmental externalities, may explain much of the social disparity and economic inequality which now characterize the current world (Bailey & Richardson, 2012). Tourism offers a wide variety of jobs with diverse human capital requirements. The different sectors of tourism, such as accommodation, catering, leisure facilities, transportation and other services, are associated with a wide range of occupations that require different types and levels of skills (Szivas, 2021).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Tourism is important economic development sector for most countries and a gate which integrates countries to international markets (Kaaya, 2014). Unlike other services, tourism cannot stand alone without marketing; this shows the strong bond between the two. Tourism by its nature is sensitive and needs a lot of effort and upgrade; and the only way needs and necessities can only be fulfilled is by adjoining tourism and marketing inseparably.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Tourism sites need revenue generation in order to stay in business, to fund the running for the site, pay for maintenance and up grading. the simplest and most direct means of doing this is using revenue gained from the provision of tourist services at the site or very close to the site. alongside this, marketing can be positive used to inform, educate and communicate with tourists about the importance of recognizing the needs of social and environmental well beings for the benefits of current and future generations. Marketing for sustainable tourism marketing balance requires information and education both on-site and off-site, and interactive management of visitors on-site (Carson et al, 2014).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Identifying and prioritizing tourism specific infrastructure projects will enhance the tourism offering and increase visitor satisfaction of the destination. But structuring and delivery of modern infrastructure facilities are extremely complex. According to Grzinic and Saftic (2012) there are 7 actions which can ensure adequate tourist and related infrastructure: 1) ensure accessibility to and within the destination, 2) improve the communal infrastructure, 3) develop new accommodation capacities, 4) advance the service quality of the provided services, 5) develop the necessary infrastructure, 6) upgrade the existing accommodation capacities, and 7) focus in destination safety and cleanliness. The infrastructure is contributing positively to tourist arrivals hence the sufficient and proper development of tourism specific infrastructure is essential to develop a mature tourist destination.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Destination image can be discussed in different contexts, when it is about tourist image, it is about the impression and feelings that one can have for a place. Image in the context of tourism has an important role in experiencing of a given destination. According to Somnez and Sirakaya (2012), a good destination image is an asset to any country or region that is participating in the tourism industry. Destinations with positive images have a high probability of succeeding than those with negative destination images. The authors emphasize that a positive image is an added advantage when competing for international tourists. A positive image in a destination influences the decision making process of potential visitors to a destination.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">According to Lee (2013) destination image directly affects satisfaction and indirectly affects future behaviour. Destination image has been recognized as one of the influential concepts in tourists’ destination choice process because image affects the individual’s subjective perception, subsequent behaviour and destination choice (Jeong & Holland, 2012).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The importance of tourism in developing countries is increasing at a drastic rate and the same is expected to continue in the near future (Redwan, 2017). Nigeria has an abundance of attractions of numerous types ranging from wildlife, landscape culture, scenery, history and archaeology sites that set it apart from its neighbours (Elias, 2014).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2. Statement of the problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">For the tourism industry to be profitable industry now and in the long term, its development and management should be according to a new competitiveness paradigm (Ritchie and Crouch 2019 in Getahun & Dhaliwal, 2017). Competitiveness is now widely accepted as the most important factor determining the long term success of organizations, industries, regions and countries (Kozak and Rimmington, 2019). In many countries tourism industry has positive influence to the nations’ economy. This is felt more in the developing countries with limited exporting options.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Because providing foreign currency which increases the countries’ currency reserve, assist the balance of payment in positive way and assist to pay foreign debt payments (Öktem, 2013).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">It is widely presumed that socio economic characteristic is a leading factor responsible for destination image. The number of studies that have been carried out on the subject of Socio economic characteristics is indicative of the importance associated to the subject. Researchers (Ionel, 2013; Grzinic and Saftic, 2012) have explored the context of essential elements of successful socio economic characteristics and the actions related to it. A tourism resource rich region requires plausible planning and management for the development of such infrastructure.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The ultimate goal of any destination is to influence possible tourists’ travel- related decision making and choice through marketing activities. Understanding the images of a destination is essential for a destination which wishes to influence traveler decision-making and choice.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Destination image has been recognized as one of the influential concepts in tourists’ destination choice process because image affects the individual’s subjective perception, subsequent behaviour and destination choice (Jeong & Holland, 2012).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Destination Image is not static but changes depending on the Socio economic characteristics of the destination. Therefore, the image after visitation is much more realistic and complex than the one formed before the visitation, through secondary information (Beerli & Martín, 2014). In this respect, it is suggested that although many people have an image of destinations they have not yet visited, the most accurate, personal and comprehensive is formed through visiting there (Molina, Gómez and Martín-Consuegra, 2012).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Nigeria is the first in Africa registering large number of tourist sites in UNESCO. Despite the magnificent tourist attraction sites that exist, the country’s tourist market share within the continent is insignificant and accounted for less than two percent in 2019 (WB, 2012). It is important to identify and study the reasons behind this problem. There may be a lot of reasons which hinder to the development of tourism in Nigeria but this study has focused on infrastructure. Hence, this study identified the implications of infrastructure in tourism destination image.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Therefore, the researcher initiated to study the effects of socio economic characteristics on destination image in the Karu tourism.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">It will also to look at the tourism habits among the different occupational groups within the study area.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Based on the above, this study is designed to explore the pattern of tourism habits in Karu. The study therefore, seeks to answer the following questions.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1.What is the level of engagement of the residents of Karu in Tourism?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2.What is the pattern of tourism of the resident of Karu?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3.What are the factors influencing these patter of tourism habits?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Aim</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The aim of the research is to analyze the effect of socio economic characteristic on tourism habits of residents of Karu metropolis with a view to identifying the factors responsible for habits among the different occupational groups and the implication for tourism.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Objectives</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1.To examine the effects of socio-economic characteristic on the tourism habits of residents of urban centres.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2.To determine the pattern of tourism habits among residents of Karu metropolis in relation to local and international trips</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3.To identify the factors influencing tourism habits among the residents of Karu metropolis.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">4.To draw out the implications of findings for tourism management and to make recommendations for improving tourism participation.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Significance of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In Nigeria, tourism is a new field of study and as such not much attention has been given to the analysis of habits and patterns among people participating in it. Therefore, this research is a contribution which will guide planners in the provision of appropriate tourism facilities.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The findings of this research will enable tourism planners and other decision – making bodies understand their roles and enable them participate fully in boosting tourism. It will broaden awareness on tourism more especially in Nigeria. It will also provide a reference point for both local (national) and international tourism data, which will optimize compatible tourism plans.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 Scope and Limitation</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The scope of this research is to establish the pattern of tourism habits within Karu metropolis. A research on pattern of tourism habits may include other aspects such as places of patronage, available facilities, resources availability, components of the destination such as ancillary services, amenities etc. But the focus of this research is to establish pattern based on frequency of travel, determinants of tourism habit as well as the challenges faced by residents within Karu. The research is limited to assessing the habits of residents within Karu metropolis, Abuja.</span></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><br /></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Tourism </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects </span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #1b3b95; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><a href="https://www.projectmaterial.net/p/tourism-project-topics-and-materials.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">================================================================</span></b><br /></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">70 pages</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;"> Delivery:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="http://www.projectmaterial.net/p/payment-details-page.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5046375591183920903.post-72105961471271912432022-10-28T11:36:00.010+01:002022-10-28T11:36:46.511+01:00KNOWLEDGE AND FACTORS INFLUENCING SOCIAL WELLBEING OF THE ELDERLY PERSON IN BAUCHI STATE<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The elderly in Nigeria are denied resources by formal institutions towards retirement and comfort to life in advanced stage of their existence. Yet, they are the custodians of culture and tradition, mediators during conflict resolution and contributors in enforcing peace in their various communities. Thus, their social wellbeing is of paramount importance especially in Bauchi because it comprises of varying diverse cultures and traditions which can only be held confidential and transferred to the younger ones when they are due, by the elderly persons. This study therefore examined the general social wellbeing of the elderly, factors affecting their social wellbeing, types and sources of support as well as the coping strategies of the elderly in Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria. The study used their social, economic and health conditions as indicators. Purposive sampling technique was adopted and a structured questionnaire was administered to 399 respondents from six wards in the Local Government Area. In addition, Focus Group Discussions were held and In-depth Interviews were conducted on the subject matter to complement the quantitative data. Data were analyzed with both descriptive and inferential statistics using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The study showed that 77% of the respondents are in the early elderly (65-74) age group in which female respondents constitute 59.1% and males 40.9%. Farming and trading constitute the most important occupations engaged by the elderly with about 67.9%. However, majority of the elderly constituting 63.7% generate less than N 16,000 per month. The result of the principal component analysis (PCA) showed that factors such as health and nutrition of the elderly (11.50 eigenvalue), support given to the elderly (0.78 eigenvalue) and socialization and family association (0.60 eigenvalue) are the major factors influencing the social wellbeing of the elderly in Bauchi. Majority of the support for the elderly is gotten from the children with 49.1%, and the nature of support for the elderly appeared to be mainly financial support with about 49.1% in the study area. Going by this, the living standard of the elderly is concluded to be generally low. The study recommends that there is need for health insurance schemes for the elderly, special supply of food supplements for the old and also the provision of geriatric healthcare facilities like specialized hospital and old people's homes either by Bauchi State government or private individuals. There is also need for stakholders to design policies that will ensure the elderly are financially secured in their old age so as to improve their standard of living.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Conventionally, “elderly” has been defined as a chronological age of 65 years old or older, while those from 65 through 74 years old are referred to as “early elderly” and those over 75 years old as “late elderly (Hajime et al.,2006). However, the evidence on which this definition is based is unknown. Ageing is referred to as the regular changes that take place in biologically matured individuals as they advance through life cycle (Harris and Cole, 1980; Gorman, 2000). Ageing is a relentless, biological imperative that begins with both male and female. No one escapes it. It is a process of getting old and all people affected by this process are regarded as the elderly. It is defined legally, socially and culturally (Nicholas, 1980; Okumagba, 2005).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Social wellbeing of old people are a reflection of the social wellbeing of society as a whole (Rosenmayr, 1979; Orire, 2021). The definition of level of living has been based on either needs or resources. According to Drewnowski (1974), the level of living of a population is the level of satisfaction of its needs attained per unit of time as a result of the goods, services and social wellbeing which the population enjoys in the unit of time. In talking about social wellbeing the term "standard of living" is widely used and it is sometimes seen merely as an economic concept, a measure of material wellbeing. The term social wellbeing is most often used with the same meaning as standard of living. The living standard of the elderly is mainly based on the capability of the next generation to meet their needs materially, financially and otherwise (Newman, 2003).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The global population is said to be ageing and it is ageing at an unprecedented rate of 2.8% annually. These facts have been subsequently recognized and affirmed (Asiyanbola, 2009). Both the number and proportion of people aged 65 years and above are increasing, although at different rates in different parts of the world. The number of older adults has risen more than threefold since 1950, from approximately 130 million in 1950 to 419 million in 2000, with the elderly share of the population increasing from 4 percent to 7 percent during that period (Waite and Hughes, 2004). It is worthy of note that political, social, health and economic factors determine to a very great extent, the social wellbeing of the elderly. The needs of elderly people in Nigeria has traditionally been the concern of the Federal, State, Local Governments and voluntary agencies (Anthea, 1991).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Adebowale, Atte and Ayeni (2012), noted that globally, the population of elderly is increasing and their well-being is becoming a public health concern. In Nigeria, poverty is widespread and elderly persons are at higher risk as a result of their age which reduces their working ability and leads to their retirement. Unfortunately, the Nigerian Government does not provide social security to the elderly and the supports from the family are fading out, hence, the well-being of elderly is compromised. Bauchi of Bauchi state has a good picture of such compromise as the elderly persons are really relying on the younger persons (Marcus 2007).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In some more advanced countries of the world like France, problems of the elderly such as social and medical issues are solved through provision of old people’s homes, free medical and health care delivery. Many of them are put into institutions, even though they are capable of active employment and life in the community. Not only is this very costly, but putting someone into a hospital bed and leaving them there often leads to psychological problems and chronic illness. Instead of aid being given to keep people at home, the disabled and elderly are treated as medical cases and kept in hospitals and institutions (Jean, 1980).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Old age as asserted by Bosanquet (1978), is considered to start from 60 years of age. It is worth noting that the physical changes that come with old age vary and do not necessarily develop at the same time in each old person. The United Nations (UN) held the First World Assembly on Ageing in Vienna in 1982 (United Nations, 1982). It recognized and affirmed that the global population was ageing and that it was ageing at an unprecedented rate. The United Nations then designated 1999 as “The Year of the Older Person”. In the second UN Assembly on Ageing in Madridin 2002, the Assembly adopted an International Plan of Action on Ageing, and a political declaration, recommending that older persons must be full participants in the development process in the 21st Century (United Nations, 2002). In addition to these specific Assemblies on older persons, population ageing has been prominent in the major international population conferences as well as in other key UN declarations during the past twenty five years.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Newman (2003), in a study of the social wellbeing of the elderly using the 1995 National American Housing Survey (AHS), noted that roughly 14% of elderly individuals had a housingrelated disability, 49% had at least one dwelling modification, and 23% had an unmet need for modifications. Because half of those with dwelling modification also reported unmet needs, the match between disabling condition and modification, not the presence of modifications is the key.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In Nigeria, those aged 65 years and above make up about 4.3 percent of the total population which was put at 140,431,790 million according to 2006 population exercise (National Population Commission, 2009). The population of elderly (age 65+) in Nigeria is on the increase as the crude mortality rates are gradually reducing (NPC and ICF Macro, 2009). The problems of an ageing population have not been seen as important in Nigeria because the aged are such a small proportion of the population. In most developing countries, formal social security systems have only limited coverage and inadequate benefit payments (Bailey, 2000; Colin, Turner, Bailey and Latulippe, 2000). As a result, the majority of older people depend on family support networks, a reality that is well appreciated in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa in the past (Van de Walle, 2006; Kaseke, 2004; WHO, 2002). However, it is recognized that traditional social security systems are evolving, attenuating and rapidly disappearing due to pressures from urbanization and industrialization (Tostensen, 2004). Youths migrate to cities while the elderly move back to the rural areas. Elderly persons in Nigeria reside more in rural communities, particularly those who have retired from their place of work (Tostensen, 2004).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Ageing in Nigeria is occurring against the background of socio-economic hardship, wide spread poverty, the HIV/AIDS pandemic, and the collapse of the traditional extended family structure. The roles of elderly in nation building at the various stages of their life cannot be overemphasized. They are the custodians of culture and tradition, are mediators during conflict resolution and contributors in enforcing peace in their various communities (Asiyanbola, 2008). The younger generation will know little or nothing about culture and tradition if the elderly who are to educate them are not been properly preserved. The elderly have served their motherland when they were young and active (Asiyanbola, 2009).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Many elderly reach retirement age after a lifetime of poverty and deprivation, poor access to health care and poor dietary intake that is usually inadequate in quality and quantity. These situations leave them with insufficient personal savings to meet their daily needs (Charlton and Rose, 2001). They are most at times denied of their right to receive their pension resulting on their poor well-being due to poverty and poor medical attention. The social wellbeing of the elderly is of paramount importance (Kimokoti and Hamer, 2008), especially in Bauchi LGA as the area comprises of varying diverse cultures and traditions which can only be held confidential by the elderly and transferred to the younger ones when they are due. It is against this background that this research was embarked upon. There is the need to understand the wellbeing of the elderly in Bauchi local government because the role of elderly person in every society is of utmost importance.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of the Research Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The attitudes of government towards the elderly in our contemporary society is not encouraging, as there exist no special resources directed to aid in making life better for them in the rural and urban Centre. The health care systems in most developing countries are appalling as government spend a small fraction of the budget on treating older adult illness and access to care is limited and not a policy priority (Poullier, Hernandez and Kawabata, 2003; Tollman, Doherty, and Mulligan, 2006). The attitudes of health care providers towards older people make their situations even more difficult. Many older people do not access health services due to inability to prove their age, aggravated by the limited availability of health services, equipment and expertise.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Although, declarations and plans have presented great opportunities for countries to mainstream ageing within the context of current global development initiatives, the recognition of population ageing by governments is still limited. This is the situation, especially in African countries, where other pressing priorities command most of the attention of policy makers, even though the process of population ageing is already visible in these countries.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In Nigeria, poverty is rife and elderly persons are more at risk since most of them are no longer in the economically active phase of life and there is no national social security to provide economic support in old age (Gureje, Lola, Ebenezer and Benjamin, 2008). Access to health care is severely limited both by paucity of health facilities and manpower and by out-of-pocket payment arrangement. Social network is dwindling and traditional family support is decreasing as urbanization and migration takes young members of the family away. Also, social changes are affecting the position of the elderly in the society and leading to a reduction in their social status and influence in the community (Gureje, and Oyewole, 2006).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">A recent study by Okoye (2004) explored how Nigerian youths feel about care-giving for the elderly and their views about traditional ways of taking care of the elderly. The author observed in the study that the youngsters are not willing to live with their aged parents; neither are they willing to send their wives nor their children to the village to live with their aged parents. An earlier work examines the link between social support/networks, urban condition and physical wellbeing of the elderly (Asiyanbola, 2004).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In Nigeria, poverty and poor infrastructural development which perpetrated rural communities where most elderly people reside, constraint them from achieving good social wellbeing. Traditionally, the elderly are expected to rely primarily on their families for economic and emotional support. At times if family support mechanism fails, community help may be available. However, the collapse in family ties and structure also have negative effects on elders who are used to enjoying support from extended families where traditionally the elders are respected and properly catered for(Ajala and Olorunsaiye, 2006; Asiyanbola, 2009).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Due to the youthful nature of Nigeria age structure, government believes that the health problems that manifest among children and youths need more attention than that of the elderly. As a result, very little consideration is given to the elderly in Nigeria by both the research community and policymakers. Average household sizes are large and a substantial proportion of older adults live alone (Adebowale, Atte and Ayeni, 2012). The economies of the elderly (65 years and above) in Bauchi are predominantly supported by subsistence agriculture, which provides little or no pension coverage and limited health care services.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In Bauchi state, the population of the elderly was 4.6% of the entire population in 2005. It was estimated that old people would be 63,539 in 2005, 65,006 in 2007 and 70,909 in 2010. Despite the relatively small number of old people, it is expected that it will rise in the future. Adequate facilities for the treatment of geriatric diseases should be planned (Marcus, 2005).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In assessing and determining the nature of the social wellbeing of the elderly in localities, regions and countries, a lot of research work has been carried out to give better understanding about the subject matter. These are seen in the works of Adebowale et al (2012), who studied elderly wellbeing in a rural community in north central Nigeria. The study was designed to determine the prevalence and identify predictors of elderly well-being in a rural community in Nigeria. It was cross-sectional in design and adopted multi-stage sampling procedures to select 1217 elderly people aged 65 and above. Well-being was captured using scores from four domains; social, psychological, physical and environmental and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square and logistic regression models.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Orire (2021) also carried out a research on the spatio-temporal analysis of population aging in Kwara State. The study attempts a spatial concentration of the elderly segment of the population of Kwara State, Nigeria, using data from 488 copies of questionnaire. The data collected were summarized by means of descriptive and inferential statistical analysis.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Research Questions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">i. What is the general social wellbeing of the elderly in Bauchi?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">ii. What are the factors affecting the social wellbeing of the elderly in Bauchi Local </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">Government Area?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">iii. How are the elderly coping with their social, economic and health conditions in Bauchi </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">Local Government Area?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">iv. What are the sources of support for the elderly in Bauchi?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">v. What kind or type of support do elderly people receive in Bauchi Local Government </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">Area?</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The aim of this research is to examine the social wellbeing of the elderly with emphasis on their social, economic and health conditions in Bauchi of Bauchi State,</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Nigeria. The aim will be achieved through the following specified objectives which are to:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">i. examine the general social wellbeing of the elderly in Bauchi</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">ii. analyze the factors affecting the social wellbeing of the elderly in the study area</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">iii. assess how the elderly cope with their social, economic and health conditions inthe study area</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">iv. assess the kind or type of support elderly people receive in the study area</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">v. identify the sources of support for the elderlyin the study area</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 The Scope of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study evaluated the general social wellbeing of the elderly persons in Bauchi LGA. Special consideration was given to health status of the elderly, their nutritional status and their supporting system which ranges from the source, nature and frequency of the support. For the purpose of this study, six (6) wards were purposively selected namely; Akurba/ Bakin Rijiya, Chiroma, Gayam, Makama, Shabu/ Kwandere and Zanwa of the thirteen (13) wards in Bauchi local government which is also the state capital of Bauchi State. The selection of the six wards is to have a high degree of coverage of the area and also have enough sample population. It is in these six wards that in-depth study will be carried out. This area was selected by the researcher due to the peaceful condition of the areas as against other areas that are still in conflict in the local government. It is within the temporal scope of this study to exhaust a period of six (6) months beginning from December 2014 to May 2021. The study was based on data obtained in the field using questionnaire survey which shall be answered by the elderly persons in the study area.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Justification of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study is very significant to an understanding of the social wellbeing of the elderly. The findings may be helpful to decision and policy makers on the elderly especially as it relates to the developmental process particularly in Nigeria. It is best convenient for the society to understand, identify and appreciate the factors responsible for the social wellbeing of the elderly in any given society.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Sociology </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects </span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #1b3b95; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><a href="https://www.projectmaterial.net/p/sociology-project-topics-and-materials.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">================================================================</span></b><br /></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">82 pages</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;"> Delivery:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="http://www.projectmaterial.net/p/payment-details-page.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5046375591183920903.post-67356352711326262332022-10-28T11:33:00.002+01:002022-10-28T11:33:17.615+01:00IDENTIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD AND SAFETY PRACTICE AMONG HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS IN UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT TEACHING HOSPITAL, RIVER STATE<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Introduction: Healthcare facilities like other work places are characterized by a high level of exposure to occupational hazards which could significantly endanger the safety and health of workers, and impact on the rate of occupational injury and infections among health care providers. Traditionally, healthcare workers are viewed as professionals who are capable of maintaining their health without assistance. Hospitals and health institutions were also considered to be safer than other working environment.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the occupational hazards and safety practices among health care providers at the University of Port Harcourt teaching hospital.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Methods: A cross-sectional study employed the simple random sampling method to select 246 respondents. A structured questionnaire was designed and administered to study participants. Data collected from respondents were entered into MS EXCEL for organization, and analyzed using STATA version 14.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Results: The study found high knowledge and awareness of occupational hazards and safety among the health care providers. There was positive attitude towards occupational safety practices. However, there was presence of occupational injuries and illnesses among healthcare workers.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Conclusion: The development and implementation of an effective occupational health policy to guide health care providers is imperative.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Keywords: Occupational, Hazards, Safety, Practices, Attitude</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1. Background</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Traditionally, professionals working in a hospital are seen as people who are capable of keeping their health without help and hospitals and other health facilities were also considered to be safer than other workplaces. As a result few resources are allocated to the occupational health of these health care providers. However, the hospital environment presents healthcare employees with various occupational hazards, including exposure to infectious agents, needle stick and sharp injuries, musculoskeletal disorders (MSD), exposure to carcinogenic agents, latex allergies, violence and stress (Lugah et al., 2010).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The World Health Organization (WHO) in 2007 endorsed the Global Plan of Action on Workers’ Health, to be implemented from 2008-2017 to provide political framework for development of infrastructure, policies, technologies and partnerships for achieving basic level of occupational safety throughout the world (WHO, 2007). The Global Plan of Action addresses all aspects of employees’ health, including prevention of workplace hazards, protection and promotion of safety practices at work, employment conditions and improving the response of health systems to employees’ health. It, thus, links occupational health to public health (Bekele, Gebremariam, Kaso, & Ahmed, 2015).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Thus, working in a safe environment is the basic right of all employees and the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 and the Workers Right to know laws were important landmarks in the history of occupational safety and health. They embedded in the law the principle that employers had a responsibility to protect their employees (Rosner& Markowitz, 2016). It is thus instructive to assess the knowledge, attitude and perceptions of health care workers with respect to occupational hazards and the extent to which personal protective equipment were used in the discharge of their duties.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2. Problem statement</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that at any point in time more than 1.4 million people globally have infections they acquired in healthcare centres. Health care providers were at risk of being exposed to numerous infectious diseases, including, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis (TB), hepatitis B, and influenza. In other countries, health care workers were three times more likely than the general public to contract TB. In general, airborne infections posed a significant danger to hospital employees especially in low- and middle-income countries (Lavoie et al, 2010).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Shockingly, 90% of blood borne infections occured in low-income countries, stressing the vulnerability of hospital staff in these areas. Professionally, Health Care Workers see to patients through different preventive and curative services. However, while they focused on providing care, they are exposed to hazards that could affect their health and wellbeing. This is the norm in developing countries where health care services are besought with minimum protective precautions against being exposed to various occupational hazards (Aluko et al., 2016).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In addition, poor attitude toward occupational safety and health, and knowledge on occupational hazards among health care providers substantially contributed to their vulnerabilities (Aluko et al., 2016).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In Nigeria, very little is said about occupational health hazards confronting healthcare practitioners and other health care providers. The University of Port Harcourt teaching hospital is one of the busiest hospitals in the country, and serves as one of the three referral health centres in the Region and beyond. There was the need to assess the occupational dangers posed to hospital employees and other workers in this facility, and utilization of personal protective equipment by healthcare workers in the health facility.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Research Questions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. What is the level of awareness about occupational hazards among workers at the University of Port Harcourt teaching hospital</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. What is the attitude of workers towards the use of personal protective equipment as an important barrier in minimizing occupational hazards?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. What is the perception of workers about the health implications of occupational hazards in the hospital?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">4. Are there administrative policies and training on use of personal protective equipment?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Objectives</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1.4.1. General Objective</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">To assess occupational hazards and safety practices among health care providers at University of Port Harcourt teaching hospital in Rivers state, Nigeria.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1.4.2. Specific Objectives</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. To assess the awareness, knowledge, attitude and perception of workers about occupational hazards at the University of Port Harcourt teaching hospital.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. To determine the prevalence of occupational related diseases among healthcare workers.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. To assess the use of personal protective equipment among workers at the hospital.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5. Justification</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Assessing the knowledge, attitude and perceptions of health care providers regarding occupational dangers has the ability to spread awareness in occupational health hazards and to regulate and set standards to promote safety and health in the various hospitals. (Aminde et al., 2015)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Adequate knowledge of occupational hazards coupled with a positive attitude and perceptions among health care providers is highly crucial for preventing the occurrence of various kinds of occupational diseases and injuries. However there is limited data on health care providers knowledge, attitude and beliefs of occupational dangers in developing countries where the burden of occupational diseases and injuries continue to increase (Agbana et al., 2016).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study is expected to help provide data on the knowledge, attitude and perceptions of health care providers about occupational hazards associated with the healthcare environment and ways to reduce the occurrence of these hazards by using equipment to protect employees at the hospital.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The findings of this study would help stakeholders such as the Ministry of Health, Nigeria Health Service and other healthcare related organization fashion out the requisite policies help to improve the safety and health of HCWs in the country.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Knowledge: This is what the Respondents knowledge about occupational hazards and </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">safety as pertains to their work environment.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Attitude: This is Respondent’s behavior and actions towards occupational hazards and </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">safety</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Perception: This is respondent’s view about occupational hazards and safety. Personal Protective Equipment: Items worn by health care workers to protect themselves during work</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Sociology </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects </span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #1b3b95; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><a href="https://www.projectmaterial.net/p/sociology-project-topics-and-materials.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">================================================================</span></b><br /></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">46 pages</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;"> Delivery:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="http://www.projectmaterial.net/p/payment-details-page.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5046375591183920903.post-83669434162629645552022-10-28T11:20:00.006+01:002022-10-28T11:20:37.680+01:00MORAL DECADENCE AND IT'S IMPLEMENTATIONS ON STUDENT'S ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AMONG SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN YENAGOA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ANAMBRA STATE<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>Abstract</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study is on the effect of moral decadence on students academic performance. Five objectives were raised which included; to ascertain the factors responsible for moral decadence of students in secondary school, to ascertain whether teacher’s attitude towards the students contributes to moral decadence among secondary school students, to ascertain whether Parents attitude towards their children contributes to moral decadence among secondary school students, to ascertain the relationship between causes of moral decadence among students and student academic performance, to suggest the possible solutions which may help to being an end to the problem of moral decadence in our secondary schools. In line with these objectives, two research hypotheses were formulated and two null hypotheses were posited. The total population for the study is 200 staff from different secondary schools in Yenegoa, Anambra state was selected randomly. The researcher used questionnaires as the instrument for the data collection. Descriptive Survey research design was adopted for this study. A total of 133 respondents made up principals, vice principals administration, senior staff and junior staff was used for the study.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background of the study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Moral decadence may be said to be as old as the time when men started to organize him into society and consequently made laws to order the affairs of men in a social set up. In the Holy Scripture Cain exhibited some form of moral decadence when he out of envy murdered his brother Abel in their abode. We have heard of people engaging in moral decadence behavior on daily basis. Many of our students today especially those in our secondary school exhibit various forms of moral decadence in form of juvenile delinquency. This could be in the form of arson, murder and robbery etc. these acts involve both adult and youths, the rate of moral decadence tends to be on the increase in the modern world. Africa is not an exception of this general increase in the young stars, negative attitude to constituted authority. This rate of moral decadence tends to be on an increase despite the various measure taken by successive government most especially Nigeria, to curb the menace among our students so as to bring about a socially stable society.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">We read our newspapers and hear from the electronic media of students in the country committing all forms of crimes ranging from the violation of parental regulations to truancy, stealing, assault, robbery and other socially undesirable behaviors. Available information shows that our students are most frequently implicated in the acts of moral decadence that in every five caught for a criminal offence; there are usually young stars. These offence ranges from drugs and robbery. During the military rule, several measures were put in place to curb the trends, on its assumption to power on the 31st December 1983, the government of general Mohammuadu Buhari (Rtd) made it known that one of the causes of our problems in our country (Nigeria) was moral decadence and as such, the war against moral decadence (WAI) was introduced into all aspects of the life of the nation. Also our past head of states, General Sani Abacha (Lt) on assumption I office (1993) launched the war against moral decadence and corruption (WAIC), President Olusegun Obasanjo also launched independent corrupt practices commission (ICPC) and economic financial crime commission (EFCC). This was aimed at checking the various corrupt practices in our society. Despite all these commendable effort of our youth are still very much moral decadence. The Nigeria youth is yet to embrace the principles behind the war against moral decadence and corruption program even when he is supposed to have great roles to play in the success of the program. There is often the saying that our youths are the leaders of tomorrow, but from what happens on a daily basis, one is forced to wonder if actually the youths are the future leader of tomorrow, if they could actually be entrusted with the leadership roles of the futures, people from various works of life have expressed concern. Olusegun Obasanjo formal president and head of state of the Federal Republic of Nigeria lamented over the rate of moral decadence in the Nigeria society. He pointed accusing fingers to most youths and adults noting that they suffering from what he called social, moral, political and economic moral decadence. Also formal head of state general Ibrahim Babaginda confirmed the obvious fact that the rate of moral decadence and crime among youths was growing fast. He said “moral decadence is threatening the nation as evidenced by the get rich quick syndrome that pervaded all facts of the society. Crimes of violence in which our young stars are involved in indication of the malaise which affects most of our communities”. (Daily Times 26th December, 1985. pp 1). The problems of moral decadence among students are fast becoming a canker worm that is eaten deeper and deeper in to the fabric of our society and thereby constituting a greater threatens to the stability of the nation. Moral decadence of various types has eaten deep into the fabric of the social system, it is a problem that is increasing at a fast rate and needs prompt attention. We have come to notice that hardly any family exists without a child possessing one trait of moral decadence or the other. It is either the child steals, is rude, not well mannered, runs away from classes, and or at time if the child is a female, it may be that she posses indulgent sexual acts which may create great concerns for the parents. It is also possible that the child is one way or the other drug addict. In whatever way it is viewed whether the child exhibits any of these features or many others, which are socially undesirable, such a child is certainly a problem to the family and the society at large. It is also sad, to note that student’s moral decadence has had a lot of negative effects on the school system and learning, many academic calendar are being disrupted as a result of this moral decadence many students now form themselves into gangs, they threaten the life of fellow students and even teachers. It is as a result of this moral decadence that we now have secreted societies or secrete cults even in our primary and secondary schools. is is necessary for the nation to pay attention to the frequent moral decadence among our students, if she is to achieve fame and progress in all field of human endeavor. This is because the fate of any nation depends on the youths she breeds, as they are the leaders of tomorrow.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The problem of student’s moral decadence is to be well attended to by parents, teachers/school administrators and all these involved in the upbringing of the students in the country, if lasting solutions are to be found in it. To this end, we all stand to gain in no small measure of students refrain from moral decadence behaviors and become discipline.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The main objective of this study is the causes and effect of moral decadence among students. But for the successful completion of the study; the researcher intends to achieve the following sub-objectives;</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. To ascertain the factors responsible for moral decadence of students in secondary school</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. To ascertain whether teacher’s attitude towards the students contributes to moral decadence among secondary school students.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. To ascertain whether Parents attitude towards their children contributes to moral decadence among secondary school students.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">4. To ascertain the relationship between causes of moral decadence among students and student academic performance</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">5. To suggest the possible solutions which may help to being an end to the problem of moral decadence in our secondary schools</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">For the successful completion of the study, the following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher;</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">H0: there are no factors responsible for moral decadence of students in secondary school</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">H1: there are factors responsible for moral decadence of students in secondary school</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">H02: there is no significant relationship between causes of moral decadence among student and student academic performance</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">H2: there is a significant relationship between causes of moral decadence among student and student academic performance</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">It is expected that the result of this study would be useful to parents and the society. School administrators, teachers, government and policy makers in their effort to put an end to the problem of students moral decadence specifically the out-come of this work would assist parents and society in monitoring the activities of their children through the results of this study, school heads, will discover what negative role they play and which in turn affect events that can lead to moral decadence in school. They will then adjust their administrative loopholes and forge ahead for a well-disciplined schools system. Teachers are expected to know from this study how student’s moral decadence is being carried out around them and employ means of eradicating the trend. The study would also be useful to the government and policy makers in formulating policies that will ensure a disciplined and patriotic behavior on the part of the students. The overall aim of this study is the complete wiping out of moral decadence among out students so that teaching learning atmosphere will be conducive and free dangers. In such an environment, there will be better enhancement of knowledge.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The scope of the study covers the causes and effect of moral decadence among students. The researcher encounters some constrain which limited the scope of the study;</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">c) Organizational privacy: Limited Access to the selected auditing firm makes it difficult to get all the necessary and required information concerning the activities</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">DEFINITION OF TERMS</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">CAUSES: Causality is the natural or worldly agency or efficacy that connects one process with another process or state, where the first is partly responsible for the second, and the second is partly dependent on the first</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">EFFECTS: A change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">MORAL DECADENCE: Lack of discipline.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), historical background, statement of problem, objectives of the study, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlights the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Education </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects </span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #1b3b95; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><a href="https://www.projectmaterial.net/p/education-project-topics.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">================================================================</span></b><br /></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">60 pages</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;"> Delivery:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="http://www.projectmaterial.net/p/payment-details-page.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5046375591183920903.post-89133239565310324082022-10-28T11:18:00.000+01:002022-10-28T11:18:00.009+01:00INFLUENCE OF EDUCATIONAL PLANNING ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF PHYSICS STUDENTS IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of secondary schools‟ educational planning on students‟ academic performance in Rivers State, Nigeria. The study had four objectives; to determine the extent to which schools‟ mission statement influence students‟ academic performance, to assess how schools‟ continuous assessment strategy influence students‟ academic performance, to determine how schools‟ benchmarking strategy influence students‟ academic performance and to establish the extent to which schools‟ syllabus coverage strategy influence students‟ academic performance in Rivers State. The study was guided by the education production function theory. The study employed descriptive survey design targeting 43 principals, 301 Head of departments and 2154 form four students. The sample had 23 principals, 120 Head of departments, and 215 students. The research instruments used were mainly questionnaires and interview. Qualitative and quantitative data obtained from the study were analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) to increase accuracy of results. From the study it is established that; the majority of the schools had mission statement written on walls and entrance of school gates, however they were not always communicated across the school verbally. Another finding is that, a majority of schools who had put continuous assessment program in place in assessing their students‟ made a considerable value added progress on their students‟ academic performance. However, the timeline was not well stipulated in many schools, this led to a clash of programs. It is further established that benchmarking is among the various strategies used by schools, practiced both internally and externally. Schools which used benchmark as a strategy, the study revealed that it positively influenced students‟ academic performance. A majority of the respondents indicated that, they use syllabus in lesson preparation and teaching, at the same time a majority of the students indicated that teachers normally inform them in advance about the content from the syllabus, a majority of the HoDs and principals indicated that they set targets for syllabus coverage by mid of June. From the study it is revealed that, early completion of syllabus allow the students to revise, gain confidence hence this influence their academic performance. The study findings have come up with the following recommendations, mission statement should be communicated always across the school and schools to tailor their programs on their school mission statement, schools to mobilize financial resources in order to engage in benchmarking and lastly schools should create more time for effective syllabus coverage in order to boost students‟ confidence in handling exams. The researcher proposes further research to replicate this study in schools in other States in the country. A study on the barriers of effective implementation of strategic plan in schools and lastly a study should be carried on strategies for effective benchmarking in schools.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background of the study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Education in any country has always responded to the socioeconomic and political objectives of that country. This can be traced back to the ancient civilization of the Nile, Athens and Sparta. In these societies, education was meant to suit the lives and aspirations of the people and achieve goals of the society (Genevieve, 2007). Even today education continues to play a significant role especially in transmitting cultural heritage from different ethnic groups and also determines the career the student will be engaged later in life. For these reasons education institutions needs to set strategies for the provision of education and to make it relevant to its users.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Mintzberg and Quinn (1999), defined a strategy as „direction and scope of an organization over the long term which achieves advantage for the organization through its configuration of resources within a changing environment to meet the needs of markets and fulfill stakeholders‟ expectations‟. Strategy is always identified within the institutions‟ educational planning process where they match their strategies with the prevailing environmental factors, thus setting a strategy becomes the core business of planning.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">A strategic plan in a school set up gives it a focus and a direction for the future by continuously adjusting to academic direction in response to changing academic circumstances (Bryson, 1995), in examining secondary school performance, the main cornerstone used by the MOEST is based upon key challenges which face this sub sector namely; access, quality, completion, retention and relevance (NESSP, 2005). To ensure that these challenges are mitigated schools normally prepare strategic plans that run between 3-5 years out of which they identify key strategies that are relevant for their existence. Among the strategies that are set by schools include the following and especially for this study: formulation of mission statement, continuous assessment, benchmarking, and syllabus coverage to affect students‟ academic performance.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Mission statement of an organization explains why an organization exists thus its overall purpose. It also states what organization does right now, in the most general sense. In this way, the mission also sets parameters for what the organization, through omission does not do (Mintzberg, 1999). Example of mission statement: Princeton Academy of Sacred Heart in USA “Our mission is to develop young men with active and creative minds a sense of understanding and compassion for others and the courage, to act on their beliefs. We stress the total development of each child, spiritual, moral, intellectual, social, emotional and physical” (http:/<a href="http://www.purdue.edu/">/</a><a href="http://www.purdue.edu/">www.purdue.edu</a><a href="http://www.purdue.edu/">)</a> retrieved on 28th March 2013 at 11.05am.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">There is conformity between the schools‟ activities and their mission statement for example the school community respect individual child needs‟, fosters a caring and creative environment and emphasizes emotional, social, physical and intellectual development of each child.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Osceola High School in Zambia mission statement is: “Our mission is to provide highest quality educational program by promoting the value of learning through</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Relationships, Rigor, Relevance and Results”. Looking closely the school has managed to build meaningful supportive relationships amongst their students, staff and community and again 70% of their students have the opportunity to proceed to the next level of education. This is a reflection that their activities are tailored on their mission statement (http:/www.ohs.osceola.school/vision-mission statement.html retrieved on 16th April, 2013 at 9.25 am). In Nigeria, mission statement is both common in the business industry and education sector. For example the Dean of studies Maseno National School Mr. Odayo in his speech posted in the schools‟ website (http:/<a href="http://www.masenoschool.sc.ke/">/</a><a href="http://www.masenoschool.sc.ke/">www.masenoschool.sc.ke</a><a href="http://www.masenoschool.sc.ke/"> </a> retrieved on 27th</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">March 2013 at 10am), reiterated that in true spirit of its vision and mission, Maseno school has proven itself as an institution that nurtures academic excellence and full blossoming of talent, the school has been registering impressive results in academic with over 98% of all the candidates sitting the final NECO examination gaining entry into universities to pursue education. From all the cases above we can therefore conclude that mission statement has Influence on the general performance in organization and in our case students‟ academic performance.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The second element of schools‟ strategic plan that determines students‟ academic performance is continuous assessment. Assessment can be defined as appraisal fixing or determining the value of something (oxford advanced learners dictionary). In education it is used to refer to any procedure or activity that is designed to collect information about the knowledge, skills and attitude of a learner or a group of learners.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In USA schools there is a continuous evaluation system; a 'cumulative file' or 'folder' is opened and will follow the student throughout his or her educational career. Marks range from 'A' (excellent) to 'F' (failing) in each subject. A student's academic performances depend upon test performance, given at intervals during the year, class participation, homework assignments and independent projects, etc. Generally twice a year the student's parents are sent a 'report card' indicating the grades earned in each subject. The student's overall academic history is recorded in a 'transcript', which is later requested by universities seeking to evaluate the students (http:/<a href="http://www.fulbright.co.uk/eas/studyus/index.html">www.fulbright.co.uk/eas/studyus/index.html</a><a href="http://www.fulbright.co.uk/eas/studyus/index.html">)</a> retrieved on 17th April 2013 at 2pm.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">However, despite the central role of mission statement, continuous assessment, benchmarking program and syllabus coverage strategies in enhancing the teaching learning process, it is not known to a great deal how schools continuously apply these strategies to enhance students‟ academic performance in secondary schools in Rivers State. This study attempted to find out strategic plans used by secondary schools in Rivers State in the provision of education. In addition the study examined whether there is any relationship between these plans and students‟ academic performance.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of the problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">There has been low academic performance of students‟ in Nigeria Certificate of Secondary Examinations in Rivers State for the last three years as compared to the neighboring Akwa Ibom State as revealed in the NECO results released yearly by the Nigeria National Examination Council.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">State education office of Rivers has organized workshops and seminars for principals and teachers on how to develop strategies to mitigate this poor result (Rivers Deo‟s office educational planning seminar notice: RN/01//02/2010 for all principals and BOGs). This has brought pressure on principals to ensure that examination outcomes for their schools are satisfactory to students, parents and other stakeholders. Indeed in the past, some principals have succumbed to this pressure thus engaging in unacceptable activities with intention of influencing their schools‟ performance resulting to examination irregularities (Daily Nation, March 27, 2011) .For these reasons this study contended to determine the influence of schools‟ educational planning on students‟ academic performance in Rivers State.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Purpose of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of educational planning on students‟ academic performance in secondary schools Rivers State, Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Objectives of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The Specific objectives of the study were:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">i. To determine the extent to which schools‟ mission statement influences students‟ academic performance in Rivers State</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">ii. To assess how schools‟ continuous assessment strategy influences students‟ academic performance in Rivers State</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">iii. To determine how schools‟ benchmarking strategy influences students‟ academic performance in Rivers State</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">iv. To establish the extent to which schools‟ syllabus coverage strategy influence students‟ academic performance in Rivers State</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Research Questions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The following research questions guided the study.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">i. To what extent does the schools‟ mission statement influence students‟ academic performance?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">ii. How does schools‟ continuous assessment strategy influence students‟ academic performance?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">iii. To what extent does the schools‟ benchmarking affect students‟ academic performance?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">iv. How does the schools‟ syllabus coverage strategy influence students‟ academic performance?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 Significance of the study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Findings of the study may be used by the school principals to formulate strategies to affect students‟ academic performance and embrace educational planning as a tool for effective planning for provision of education. This findings may also be relevant to teachers as they may give them a great insight into the need to use various strategies in the provision of education to students. The policy makers and education planners may also gain from the information on the need to restrategize the plans in order to make education more effective and efficient to its users. Scholars and academicians may also use this study as a source for further study.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.7 Limitation of the study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The major limitation of the study was the inability to get in touch with some HoDs and principals who were not in school for most of the days during the study. To overcome this, teachers and deputy principals were used to give their opinions since it was believed that they had information on their schools‟ operations.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.8 Delimitation of the study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study was limited to Rivers State and focused on principals, HoDs and form four students. It considered the influence of schools‟ mission statement, schools‟ continuous assessment strategy, schools‟ benchmarking strategy and schools‟ syllabus coverage strategy on students‟ academic performance. These may have not been the only strategies used by schools in the provision for education to affect students‟ academic performance. Therefore, the findings may not be generalized to all schools in other parts of the country.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Education </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects </span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #1b3b95; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><a href="https://www.projectmaterial.net/p/education-project-topics.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">================================================================</span></b><br /></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">59 pages</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;"> Delivery:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="http://www.projectmaterial.net/p/payment-details-page.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5046375591183920903.post-87553610469866098802022-10-28T11:14:00.005+01:002022-10-28T11:14:30.349+01:00EFFECT OF DEMONSTRATION AND GUIDED INQUIRY TEACHING METHODS ON SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS' ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN BIOLOGY IN NSUKKA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ENUGU STATE<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study examined the effects of guided Demonstration method on academic performance of biology students in selected senior secondary schools in Enugu state. The study used a quasi-experimental research design. A sample of 120 senior secondary 11 (SS2) biology students were selected by random sampling from 2 private and 2 public schools which comprised both boys and girls with 30 students each in experimental and control groups respectively. The research instruments comprised of biology Achievement Test (CAT). The CAT contained 30 multiple choice questions with four options (A-D) and 5 essay questions. The students were divided into two groups; Experimental and control groups which were subjected to demonstration method and traditional methods of teaching respectively. The t-test statistics was used to analyze the data. Major findings revealed that Biology students taught using inquiry teaching method performed significantly better than their counterparts taught using traditional teaching method. Hence the study concluded that the inquiry teaching method produced students with significantly higher academic performance in Biology. The study therefore recommends among others that the use of Inquiry teaching method should be encouraged in all Secondary Schools that offer Biology to its students in Enugu State and other states in Nigeria, also Government should sponsor teachers to attend various workshops and seminars on appropriate and effective use of the inquiry teaching method.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">It has been observed that the educational system in Nigeria has been experiencing some setback due to our political instability which is one of the major problems faced by the sector. It can be said that little attention has been given to this sector as a result of the non-chalant attitude of our political leaders. Education, the underlining factor of the social life that help people create meaning out of the environment as well as been able to influence the environment to their own benefit.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Man is greatly dependent on science and technology, this is because the future hope for a better scientifically and technologically developed countries which lies in science education. A sound knowledge of science education is very important for the management of our natural resources, provision of adequate food and healthy environment. For instance, Biological sciences is essential to all forms of life including plants and animals and other living and non-living components. It also plays important role towards achieving self–reliance in the life of individual (Dutta, 1996; Umeh, 1999).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Every develop nation is as a result of science and technology been embraced in their school curriculum. In the teaching of science subjects certain methods is being recommended as the appropriate method to be used. These methods stipulated in the science curriculum is to enable the effective teaching and learning of science subjects. Some of the cardinal objectives of the biology curriculum for senior secondary school syllabus are to prepare pupils to acquire meaningful and relevant knowledge in biology, also to acquire reasonable and functional scientific attitudes. In accordance with the objectives, the contents and contexts of the syllabus also place emphasis on guided-inquiry, techniques and skills coupled with conceptual thinking.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Most teachers use methods apart from the methods stipulated in the curriculum by the Nigeria Educational Research and Development Council (NERDC) and it has contributed to the low performance of student in biology. The repeated records of failures in biology tend to pose some attitude in students towards the teaching of biology by the teacher in the explanation of biological concept.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The attitudes of the teachers toward the teaching of biology as a science subject has failed to achieve the stated objectives of biology as stated in the curriculum.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background Of The Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">From the perspective of promoting standard based science education, the teaching method employed plays important role in learning important ideas and skills if standard based education is to become a reality in the nation classroom (Tyson, 1997).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Methods are the tools of the teacher for reaching the set goals and objectives. The effective teacher has multiplicity of methods at his disposal and must be prepared to select the ones which will be most effective for leading the learner to desired behaviour. Educational methods is a process of cognitive, affective and psychomotive development whose aim is to mould the learner towards a total contribution to the development of the learner and the community (Durosaro, 2002). In achieving this by the teacher, there is the need to improve on the instructional methods in teaching biology.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Therefore, this study is set out to investigate if appropriate teaching method used in teaching biology could yield a better performance. Such teaching methods are demonstration methods and guided-inquiry.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Demonstration method is always accomplished by telling or explaining a concept by the handling or manipulating of real things, equipment or materials or showing pictures. Demonstrations are useful because they provide concrete reference for objects or events. Students relate terms and concepts to those events which they have observed. If this method is used to carryout a study on students’ performance in biology, it will be observed that student will be able to identify some difficulties they faced in learning biology when they were given problem to solve. Demonstration method is an effective means of supplementing and clarifying the content being taught.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Guided-Inquiry method likewise is an instructional strategy in which the learner tends to learn more or have better understanding of biological concepts because they are guided to discover things by themselves. Inquiry learning, when encouraged in the science class also aids problem solving because learning by inquiry starts with problem solving (Akanbi and Opasina 2000). Inquiry also causes creativity in the student which is one of the major objective of science teaching.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">These two methods have a positive effect on the students’ level of academic performance but certain factors have been attributed to the poor achievement or performance of students in biology. These include the level of the teacher’s knowledge in biology, in the principles and methods of teaching, inability of the teacher to understand his/her student during teaching process or inadequate infrastructure/ teaching aids.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">There is tendency that each of these two methods will create an effect on the academic performance of student in biology. This project work tends to identify the effect created on the academic performance of students in biology using demonstration method and guided-inquiry method.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement Of Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Since teachers lack adoption of educational methods in teaching biology, poor performance of students in biology will be inevitable, if a teacher does not have content pedagogical knowledge of biology, it tends to contribute to the poor academic performances of students in biology. Also inadequate infrastructure or teaching aid may lead to ineffective teaching and learning. The question is that, does the method used in teaching of biology affect student’s performance? This is a problem which this study intend to solve.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Objectives of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The objectives of this study are to:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. determine the effects of guided demonstration method and traditional method on the performance of biology students in senior secondary schools in Enugu state;</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. determine the effects of guided demonstration method on the performance of students in biology in Enugu state;</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. determine the effects of guided demonstration method on the performance of male and female students in biology in Enugu state; and</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">4. determine the difference in the performance between private and public students in biology taught with guided inquiry teaching method in Enugu state.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Research Questions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. What is the effect of guided demonstration method and traditional method on the Performance of students in biology in senior secondary schools in Enugu state?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. What is the effect of guided demonstration method on the academic Performance of students in biology in Enugu state?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. What is the effect of guided demonstration method on the performance of male and female students in senior secondary school in biology Enugu state?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">4. What is the difference in the performance of students in biology in senior</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">secondary schools taught with guided inquiry teaching method in Enugu state?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 Null Hypotheses</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The following null hypotheses were tested:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Ho1: Guided demonstration method and traditional method have no significant effect on the performance of biology students in senior secondary schools in Enugu state;</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Ho2: There is no significant effect of guided demonstration method on the academic</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">performance of biology students in Enugu state;</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Ho4: There is no significant difference in the performance between private and public</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">students taught biology with guided inquiry teaching method in Enugu state.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.7 Basic Assumptions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study has the following assumptions</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. It is assumed that most biology teachers in the secondary schools do not make use of appropriate biology teaching methods in secondary schools in Enugu state.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. It is also assumed that teachers are employed to teach Biology without</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">considering their area of specialization, educational qualifications and training.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. It is assumed that teachers do not use appropriate Biology teaching methods.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">4. Learning by doing could enhance and motivate students to improve on their performance in biology.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 Significance of Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This research work will provide the effects of demonstration and guided-inquiry method of teaching in biology and its contribution to the academic performance of the students. Findings will highlight the strengths of implementing these methods thereby informing teachers of those factors to reckon with in teaching the student.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.7 Scope of The Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study will cover schools in Nsukka Local Government due to proximity of the area to the university and my residence.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.8 Limitation of Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study is restricted to some selected schools within the Local Government Area of study due to time, distance, and transportation factors.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Education </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects </span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #1b3b95; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><a href="https://www.projectmaterial.net/p/education-project-topics.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">================================================================</span></b><br /></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">53 pages</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;"> Delivery:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="http://www.projectmaterial.net/p/payment-details-page.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5046375591183920903.post-71003772151869167382022-10-28T11:11:00.000+01:002022-10-28T11:11:41.328+01:00CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED BY CHEMISTRY TEACHERS IN TEACHING PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study concerned itself with effective Chemistry practical in secondary schools. It examined whether the way practical experiences were presented by the teachers and students’ engagement in them enhanced the attainment of goals of practical work. The procedure of conducting practical work in Chemistry was of great concern and more specifically, the skills emphasised during practical work in Chemistry lessons.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study was conducted in Sokoto metropolis of Nigeria and adopted a descriptive survey design. The main population for the study comprised all the 47 public secondary schools in the province from which 9 sample schools were selected using a combination of stratified, purposive and systematic sampling procedures.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study utilised questionnaires, lesson observation schedules and document analysis guide to collect data. Data collection was preceded by a pilot study mainly to determine the reliability of the instruments. On analysis of data from the pilot study, the instruments were found to be reliable. Data collected during the main study was analysed utilizing Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 10.0.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Today we are living in the age of science and technology. Scientific inventions and discoveries have revolutionalised our lives. Science is nothing but knowledge so obtained by observations, readings, experimentation and realization.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Science subjects constitute a major part of the subjects being offered in most post primary institutions in Nigeria today. These subjects are so important that the Federal government National Policy on Education (2004) in specific terms states that “the secondary school Education shall provide trained manpower in the applied sciences and technology’’.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The importance attached to science by the Federal government could be due to the general belief that science is capable of improving and changing skills, attitudes, and cognition by increasing pupil’s store of knowledge about themselves, their environment and their world. The development of any nation which depends on science and technology, hinges on science Education, science has been viewed as an instrument that can aid development in many countries. It plays important and dominant roles in spear heading technological advancements, promoting national wealth, improving health, and accelerating industrialization (Validya, 2003).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Chemistry as one of the science subjects is basic for understanding the complexities of modern technology and essential for technological advancement of a nation. This aspect of science is making significant contributions to many of the inventions that are shaping modern day, and has helped to explain many of the events being encountered in everyday life. Chemistry is one of the pre-requisite subjects for the study of engineering technological, medical and other applied science courses, in the University. Chemistry provide training for a vast range of carriers where it is either employed directly or where the skills developed can be applied in innovative ways in other fields. Despite its importance, Chemistry remain the least favored science subject among students generally, only a few students choose to study Chemistry at O. Level and subsequently at higher degree. Students performs poorly in Chemistry, lack of practical work may be an important reason for students for poor content knowledge and understanding of Chemistry at secondary school level in Nigeria (Millar, 2004).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">There is a serious shortage of students and teachers of Chemistry in Nigerian secondary schools, this is generating concern among science educators, and researchers are increasingly exploring why students avoid the subject, over the years student of Chemistry in secondary school have found it extremely difficult to perform well in the subject (Nelkon & Ogbon, 1988).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Studies have been carried out to find out the cause of such poor performance. Poor performance of students in Chemistry could be linked to students practical ability (Olabanji, 1997), supported by Akanbi (2003) that poor performance in Chemistry may be due to inadequate laboratory equipment, and facilities which make the present study imperative.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Chemistry as a course of study is perceived to be experimental, the understanding of practical aspect may help students to learn Chemistry concepts. The educational objectives of Chemistry education cannot be fully realized if student’s performance in both Chemistry theory and practical are not balanced (Aina, 2011).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">For the mere fact that Chemistry has been severally labeled as the most conceptually difficult subject, particularly the practical aspect of the subject, it is important to explore the underlying difficulties that might impede quality learning in the subject, in the context of Nigerian school environment. The aim of this study is to identify problems associated with conducting effective Chemistry practical in senior secondary schools in Sokoto metropolis.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of the Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The purpose of this study is to make a critical appraisal of the problems hindering the conduct of Chemistry practical and advance suggestion that will enhance the effectiveness, and efficiency of the conduct of Chemistry practical in senior secondary schools within Sokoto metropolis.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">A close look at the ways Chemistry practical is handled in most of our secondary schools indicate that probably students were made to merely see Chemistry as a collection of rules. However, it is assumed that proper conduct and involvement of students in Chemistry</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">practical has became less valued, Chemistry students are likely to be passive listeners even in the laboratory, as they watch teachers carry out the teaching theoretically or carry out demonstration or experiments (Anele, 2011).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Other assumed problems may include that students are not encouraged to consider practical work useful for the development of scientific skills and attitudes. Another problem confronting the learning and conduct of Chemistry practical in schools is the lack of equipment and facilities and their inadequacy (in some case) which hinder the effectiveness of learning Chemistry in schools (Jegede & Okebukola, 1995; Nwaokolo, 1998; Anikweze, 2000; Anele, 2001).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Allocation of time to Chemistry practical in school lesson time table is insufficient, activities to be undertaken therefore suffer. This constitutes an enormous problem to the proper conduct of Chemistry practical in school (Mistler, Dackson & Butler, 2000; Polman, 2000).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Chemistry teachers stress is another problem confronting the conduct of Chemistry practical in schools. A stress results when the teacher’s experience is unpleasant, given rise to tension, frustration, anger, anxiety, and depression, poor working conditions resulting from lack of practical equipments for conducting effective Chemistry practical have been identified as the source of stress in some part of the world (Akpan, 2001). This is not a unique case in the Nigerian context. Chemistry teachers in Nigeria find these poor working condition stressful (Jegede & Okebukola, 1995).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Other problems encountered by students in conducting Chemistry practical in senior schools include:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">- Lack of good practical supervision</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">- Lack of practical manuals.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">- Inadequate qualified Chemistry teachers in secondary schools.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">- Lack of motivation</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">- Poor laboratory condition</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">- Poor Chemistry practical apparatus</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">- Problems in setting apparatus</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">- Problem in relating Chemistry practical with Chemistry theory.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Objectives of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. To identify Challenges encountered by chemistry teachers in conducting effective practical work in secondary school Chemistry</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. To describe the procedure of conducting practical work in secondary school Chemistry</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Research Questions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. What is the state of laboratories in secondary schools in Sokoto metropolis?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. What skills are emphasized by teachers in teaching practical work in secondary school Chemistry?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. What are the attitudes of the students towards practical work in secondary school Chemistry?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">4. What are the attitudes of the teachers towards teaching Chemistry practical work in secondary schools?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Significance of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">provide a framework for teachers on which they could re-evaluate their instructional strategies during practical work in Chemistry for the enhancement of effective teaching and learning provide insight for the curriculum designers into the kind of practical experiences in secondary school Chemistry needed to aid sound understanding of scientific concepts and principles provide a framework for the NECO on which the council could re-evaluate their goals and objectives so that the practices during secondary school practical Chemistry were in line with what the curriculum demanded of students.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 Scope and Limitations of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Scope:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study was carried out in Sokoto metropolis in the southern part of Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">It was conducted in few selected secondary schools and involved only Chemistry teachers and few selected Form three students in Sokoto metropolis.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">It focused only on the practical aspect of secondary school Chemistry. It is however clear that the overall grade in NECO Chemistry is a contribution of both theory and practical examination and given as a grade for performance in Chemistry.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Limitations:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">It was not possible to generalize the results to the whole country since the study was conducted only in a few selected secondary schools in Sokoto metropolis. It was not possible to generalise the results to Chemistry since only the practical aspect of secondary school Chemistry was considered in this study.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Education </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects </span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #1b3b95; font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><a href="https://www.projectmaterial.net/p/education-project-topics.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">================================================================</span></b><br /></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">61 pages</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;"> Delivery:</span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="http://www.projectmaterial.net/p/payment-details-page.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0