ABSTRACT
This research work is to examine the strategies for improving
labour productivity, which is sure outlet of our today economic predicament.
The work will be centered on manufacturing, using Asaba Textile mill plc as a
case study, the research, will emphasis much on productivity increase because
of increase in the production and depletion of natural resources leading to a
low standard of living of people. A number of theoretical orientations will
provide a foundation for the research. Data shall be obtained through the use
of well – organized structural questionnaires, which will be administration to
the management and non-management workers. Interviews will also be conducted on
some of the workers. At the final stage, the analysis of the result will reveal
that, poor attitude of the Nigeria worker to worker sterns from low moral
resulting from inadequate motivation, low moral resulting from incentives and
lack of prospect of reaching one’s personal goal through high productivity in
the organization. Major recommendation to Asaba Textile Mill (ATM) will be made
since Asaba Textile Mill PLC is required to incorporate motivational measures
into it’s management policy. There is also the need to increase the use of
financial incentive in the organization, to strengthen their training programme
and also to make productivity pate to personal goal realization in the company.
The research work and study will be divided into five chapters; starting from
background of the study, statement of problems, objective of the study,
statement of hypothesis, methodology, scope of the study, justification for the
study, limitation, plans of study. Chapter two; is on literature review, from
different classical management school of thought, such as scientific management
author, classical economic theory, expectancy theory etc. Chapter three, centered
on the researched methodology sampling techniques method of data collection and
the data presentation analysis etc. Chapter four; is on the analysis and
interpretation of the data. Chapter five; shall focus on the summary,
conclusion and recommendation.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY.
The
word productivity simply means the ratio of output to the corresponding input
of labour. It often poses more questions than answers. This is because the
output of a worker depends on an almost infinite number of variables.
A
reference to labour productivity at any level connotes higher returns on
utilization of labour. The word productivity has become so necessary and
essential that it appears in every journal, or any business papers.
In
recent times, emphasis on productivity has also increase in the population and
the depletion of nature resources leading to a low standard of living of the
people. Here we say that the greater the amount of goods and service produced
in an economy, the higher the standard of living of the citizens. At the
corporate level, productivity helps to increase the profit level while at the
individual level, productivity is a concern for the direction of growth wealth,
self-reliance and self support and this will involve the management of total
resources at our disposal.
Historically
, our country has enjoyed high productivity in the past, this was a result of
the several factors adequate motivational factors, enough financial incentives,
and adequate job training which helped to increase productivity in the past but
eventually productivity level have changed . over some decades now,
productivity has been witnessing a dramatic declaiming in the productivity of
labour: The economy has change from that of surplus one to that of deficient
economy. The cost of living has risen drastically, the balance of trade and
balance of payment has
deprecated
and the quantity and quality of output has been varying at best.
This
downward trend in productivity has been widely attributed to the decline in
labour productivity. This is attributed to the fact that labour is the most important factor of production
and the fact that labour is the most easily quantified factor of production.
Herbison
(1973) was of this view when he argued human resoureces constitute the ultimate
basis for wealth of nations. Capital and natural resource are passive factors
of production hence, he says that human beings are the achieve agents who
accumulate capital, exploit natural resources build social, economic and
political organization and carry forward national development.
Essentially
economic scholars and policy makers in less developed countries have
unanimously agreed that the best way out of this their less propitious /favour
economic situation characterized by
massive balance of payment deficits, chronic foreign exchange storage and other
which has effect of the under cutting output growth via high cost of large
chunck of factor inputs is by cutting back imported inputs significantly and
adapting an inward working policy.
Thus,
to trigger and sustain growth momentum, indigenous sectors of the economics
both private and public.
In
the ongoing problems of labour productivity in our organization is our second
concern. It is a common believe by managers
and workers that workers that workers in Nigeria are not working as hard as
they used to. These workers are seen to lack zeal, briskness and the momentum
of committed hard working people and generally they appears to be indifferent
to the sure of efficiency, dedication, productivity all of which characterizer
back of high achievement.
Thus,
revealing less in the vaunted Nigeria work and personal achievement.
Economist,
psychologist (industrial), industrial and personnel relations and mangers believes
that the best way to bring back such worker to the state in with they can be
productive again is to motivate them.
The researchers also share this believes. This becomes the basis upon
which this research work become necessary.
The
study is going to be fully employed is Asaba Textile Mill (ATM). Delta State.
1.2
STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS:
Several
business and government organization in Nigeria is recent time have been
characterized by a fall in their labour productivity. This is manifested in the
lack of requisite equipment lack of relevant incentives, fall in government
parastatal, industries, pay pockets, closer of banking industries, failure
after huge amount of capital and natural resources have been invested on it and
failure of business organization to break even.
Earlier
survey revealed that lack of requisite equipment constituted a download trend
in output per – one hour and this will bring a fall in labour productivity.
Level it has also been seen that when capital, and natural resources are
increasing the productivity level have
been declining.
This
investment without corresponding output has been attributed widely to baour
productivity bottleneck.
Most
workers become unproductive when they are not given the necessary incentive.
Also most business and government parastatal in Nigeria have turned to no less
than as workers are endured unproductive, inefficient and idle.
Moreover,
it has become bad work or practise breading ground such as negligence of study,
absenteeism, workers and management, insular donation, persistent lateness to
work, sleeping on duty and other. The effect of all these have manifested in
the decline in labour productivity.
One
day they ask, what are the causes of these bad work practices and this attend
and how productivity from the worker why the loss of the good work ethnic with
which Nigeria workers are known, committed to hard work and personal
achievement. It is because of the way he
is managed? Has he lost the dignity of labour and why? Is his working
environment affecting him? Has the work become too complicated for him? Could
it be because he is poorly compensated in the occurrence naturally
spontaneous or cause less? How then can
we bring them back to their former and even higher place of productivity.
In
this regard, effects will be made by the researcher to provide empirical
solution to the following research question .
1.
Is there any relationship between productivity and the management of the
organization
2.
How do workers perception of his work as
a path to his personal goal in an organization effect the effort he puts in and
hence his productivity in the organization.
3.
Could there be any relationship between
labour productivity and other factors such as job satisfaction, reward system,
and incentive inherent in hios work place?
4.
What is the motivating incentive to labour.
5.
Is training really essential in making
workers productive?
6.
Which
other implication or explicit have significant impact on labour productivity in
Asaba Textile Mill.
1.3
OBJECTIVE OFN THE STUDY
Human
elements (labour) are the most important productive factore in any organization
since there can be no performance upon which any anticipation can be based without people,
since the most important problem confronting us today in various organization
is how to get people
work in constructive sense or in the manner that would produced desired result
and give worker sense of fulfillment.
Thus,
thus study will have to work at the following objectives.
1.
Identification of factors that motivate
workers.
2.
The study will also formulate some
strategies based on the motivational factors.
3.
The research work will also present
empirical result.
4.
The study will also examine the extent
in which motivational factors have been able to achieve till date.
5.
The research will also examine the negative
criticism against Nigeria labour as being naturally lazy and productive.
6.
It is also the objective of this study
to make recommendation based on findings.
1.4
STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS
1.
NULL HYPOTHESIS
a.
There is no significant relationship
between motivational factor such as money, promotion , job security , housing,
praise medical or health facilities,
opportunity for advancement etc. and high productivity
b.
Financial incentives are not likely to
increase labour productivity than non- financial incentives.
c.
Those workers do not see high
productivity as a path leading to the attachment of one or more of this
personal goal.
1.5
METHODOLOGY OF STUDY
In
carrying out this research work, primary source of data is obtain through
personal interview, moral interview, questionnaire, method of information will
be adopted, information collected will form a primary source of data relating
to the research work.
Chi-square
(X2) method will be used to text the significant financial incentives, job
training and productivity of labour.
This
method is necessary in a situation where the qualities of several proportions
are tested. Thus it will be used to analyze the response provided by the
respondent to the questionnaire administered.
1.6
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
As
the title of this study depicts, this study is concerned with strategies for
increasing labour productivity.
This
study is not intended to cover all aspects of labour productivity such as
technical, environment efforts of labour productivity. It is primarily
concerned with the motivational aspects of labour for productivity enhancement.
Moreover, this study is based on Asaba Textile mill (ATM) Asaba Delta State.
All analysis made in this research is based on the data and information
gathered from the company. The context of the study is base on the assumption
that (ATM) which is a public liability company (Plc) has a similar structure,
characteristics and features with other government owned institution and also
on the fact that workers and management’ Nigeria organization are similar.
The
limitation of this study includes the environment in which studies was carried
out ATM. It was claimed that the company usually publish annual report and
statement of accounts from which it’s performance over the years could be
assessed and compared.
The
research though relevant to the company is limited to the headquarter office is
Asaba Delta State without extending the study to other branches due to
constrains other limitation to this study include that the report of this study
will be based on a number of responses got via questionnaires returned
observations and interviews granted by key personal in the company and
available records. Also time and financial contains are limiting factors to
study.
1.7
LIMITATION OF STUDY
In
the process of conducting this research, certain problem or constrain are bound
to be witnessed. Some if these constrain
are as follows:
a.
Inadequate fund: Now that the economy is
an depressed state, financial constraint would not be overlooked. Asaba Textile
Mill Plc, is a big organization and obtaining relevant information from outside
the organization to produce a sound project would need a lot of money. This will
affect the number of questionnaire copies that will be administered to
respondent and reduce the area to be visited for sourcing of materials. This
will on the long run affect the quality of data used in the production of the
research work.
b.
Time: This project will be written long
with reading for text and examination and as such will prevent an in-depth
investigation into all available text books journals, magazine and other
research works relative to the research.
1.8
JUSTIFICATION FOR THE STUDY
According
to the former president of American Garald Ford, (1974-1977) productivity must
improve if we are to have less inflationary economy that is the productivity of
any economy will be at its increasing rate when the economy is witnessing a
less inflationary rate. In a growth economy, every on labour management and the
consumer gains when productivity expands.
The
central place of productivity to the labour consumer, manager entrepreneur and
government in their welfare enhancement has essentially justified this study.
The present economic predicament facing the country is a new development. Consequently
the need to take series of firm economic measure to bring back sandy into the
operation of the economic system by government and companies becomes absolutely
necessary. So far, there seem to be no previous study in motivation of labour
in the past, especially in coping this dawn turn in nour economic system.
The
reaction of companies to various austerity
and adjustment take by the government takes different forms. Many
companies have referenced their workers, some have short down some have put
their workers on half pay hoping, for a better days to come, but so far the
Asaba Textile Mill plc which is our focus in this study has
been able to maintain its head the waters in the midst of economic crisis in
the country. The researcher believes in workers motivation, which will
certainly encourage the worker to put in their best effort so as to achieve the
organization instead of retrenchment of workers.
1.9
PLAN OF STUDY
This
study is divided into five chapter, the first chapter is an introductory
chapter in which we have the background of the study, statement and problems,
objective of the study, statement of hypothesis, methodology of study, scope of
the study, limitation of study, justification for the study and plan of the
study.
The
second chapter review a number of literature and empirical studies on factors
affecting labour productivity. Under this chapter we have some literature
review, theoretical orientation and under this we have classical economic
theory, need theory, motivation- hygiene theory, expectancy theory, roles of
specialization and division of labour, scientific management, cognitive dissonance theory, equity theory, incentive
theory, definition of terms and measurement of concept, relevant
study/empirical evidence the dominant roles of wages, primacy of scientific
management as determinant of labour productivity job context and productivity
and the path-goal approach to labour productivity.
The
fourth chapter the researcher will present analysis and interpretation of data.
The
fifth chapter comprises of the summary of finding recommendation and
conclusion.
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