ABSTRACT
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic
disorder resulting from the presence of excess sugar in the blood as a result
of defect of insulin secretion, insulin action or both. Insulin deficiency in
turn leads to chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate fat and
protein metabolism. Globally it has been estimated that the incidence of diabetes
and project for year 2030, as given by international diabetes federation is
350million. This work is aimed at
evaluating the antioxidant potential and hypolipidemic properties of the plant.
Methanol leaf extract of Kigelia africana
used for the study. Alloxan diabetes was induced into 20 rats and the rats
weighed 125g. They were grouped into four groups: group 1 Normal control group,
group 2 diabetes not treated, group 3 diabetes treated with 0.6 g of modern
drugs (glibenclamide), group 4 diabetes treated with 500 mg/kg body weight of
the extract of K.africana orally for 14days. At the 14th day, rats were
bled and blood samples obtained were used for parameter analysis. From the
result, glucose level increased as the body weight of the rats in all test groups
decreases when compared with normal control (group 1). Oral administration of K.africana causes an increase although
not significant (P˂0.05) of MDA in the test group treated with leaf extract of K.africana (group 4) compared with other
test groups. The result also showed a significant increase (P˂0.05) in Catalase
(CAT) activity in diabetic rat treated with glibenclamide (group 3) and rats
treated with leaf extract (group 4) when compared with normal groups (group
1&2). A significant increase (P˂0.05) was observed in the cholesterol level
of diabetic rats treated with K.africana when
compared with group1and 2. High density lipoprotein increased significantly
(P˂0.05) in the test group (group 4) when compared with other test groups. Low
density lipoprotein decreased significantly (P˂0.05) in the test group treated
with K.africana leaf extract (group
4) compared with normal control (group 1). Therefore, from the results gotten, it can be said that Kigelia africana has an
hypolipidemic and antioxidant Capacity in diabetic conditions.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study
Diabetes
mellitus is a metabolic disorder resulting from a defect of insulin secretion,
which is insulin action or both. Insulin deficiency in turn leads to chronic
hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate fat and protein metabolism
(Kumar et al., 2011).
Globally
the estimated incidence of diabetes and project for year 2030, as given by
international diabetes federation is 350million (Ananda et al., 2012). Currently available pharmotherapies for the
treatment of diabetes mellitus include oral hypoglycaemic agent and insulin.
However these current drugs do not restore normal glucose homeostasis and they
are free from side effects (Bandawane et
al., 2011).
In
view of the adverse effect associated with the synthetic drugs and as plants
are safer, cheaper, and as much effective. Conventional and anti-diabetic
plants can be explored (Kumar et al.,
2010). Over 400 traditional plants have been reported for the treatment of
diabetes (Ramachandran et al., 2011).
Furthermore
after world Health Organisation recommended investigation of hypoglycaemic
agents from medicinal plants has become more important (Kumar et al., 2010). Also diabetes has been
treated orally with several medicinal plants or their extract based on folklore
medicine since ancient times.
Kigelia africana
(Lam) Benth (Family: Bignoniaceae) is widely distributed in south central and
West Africa. It is known as the cucumber or sausage tree because of its huge
fruits (average 0.6cm in length and 44kg in weight) which hang from fibrous
stalks. It is also known as balm Khene in Hindi and it is distributed all over
India but found in abundance in West Bengal. It is found mostly in water areas
and spreads abundantly across wet savannah and riverine areas (Sofowaora et al., 1980).
Experimentally,
the plant has shown antibacterial, antifungal, antineoplastic, analgesic,
anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties (Saini et al., 2009). The roots, the wood and leaves have been found to
contain kigelinone, vernolic acids, kigelin, iridoids, luteolin and
6-hydroxyluteolin (Picerno et al.,
2005). Crude extract of herbs and species and other materials rich in phenolic
are of increasing interest in the food industry because they retard oxidative
degradation of lipids and thereby improving the quality and nutritional value
of food (Frankel, 1995).
The
baked fruits of Kigelia africana are
used for fermentation of beer. It also has internal application including
treatment of dysentery, ringworm, tapeworm, malaria, diabetes, pneumonia, haemorrhage and tooth care (Gills, 1992).
In
West Africa, the roots and unripe fruit are used as vermifuge and as treatment
for haemorrhoids and rheumatism. The bark is traditionally used as remedy for
syphilis and gonorrhoea. The fruits and bark ground and boiled in water are
taken orally or used as an enema in treating children’s stomach ailment usually
tapeworm (Walt et al., 1962)
1.2 Statement of the problem
As
impressive improvement has occurred in global health status in the past century
which has become a cause for celebration. Therefore, public health
professionals can feel proud of their contribution to these achievements even
as they appreciate the complexity of the underlying driving force, many of
which lie outside traditional public health work. But this satisfaction must be
tempered by emerging concerns (Sen and Bonita, 2000) against the recent
evidence suggesting that based current trends many low income countries are
unlikely to achieve desired health target by 2015 due to devastating disease
and overwhelming failing health system (Travis et al., 2004).
The
literature review survey revealed that there is no experimental evidence of
antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effect of the plant. Therefore the present work
was undertaken to explore the antidiabetic and hypolipidemic potential of Kigelia africana methanol leaf extract
of the plant in alloxan induced diabetic rats.
1.3. Aim of the study
The
research is aimed at investigating the hypolipidemic and antioxidant capacity of
methanol leaf extract of Kigelia africana
in alloxan induced diabetic rats.
1.4 Objective of the study
Specifically
the study sort to:
1. Determine
the effects of Kigelia africana methanol
leaf extract on antioxidant enzyme.
2. Determine
the effects of Kigelia africana
methanol leaf extract on lipid profile of diabetic rats.
3. Determine
the effects of Kigelia africana
methanol leaf extract on oxidative parameters of alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
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