ABSTRACT
This study was to identify the type of
instructional materials used in teaching and learning of Economics in
government secondary school in Enugu East Local Government Area of Enugu State.
Three research questions guided the study. The study adopted two theories
cognitive learning theory and motivational theory. Five government secondary
school were sampled for the study. The instrument used for data collection was
questionnaire, which was developed and administered to both teachers and
students. The data from their responses were analyzed, using statistical mean.
They result of the study revealed that there are inadequate and inappropriate
instructional materials used in teaching and learning of Economics. The study
also revealed that the teachers are not
using computer, whiteboard, internet, audio cassette when teaching Economics,
rather they made use of locally produces instructional materials such as
textbooks chalkboard, pictures, chart, map etc. The benefits of instructional
material were also discussed from the finding, which includes making the lesson
clear and easy to understand, enhancing the achievement of instructional
objectives and helping students to understand some abstract concepts. Some of
the problems associated with the use of instructional materials were also
revealed which include lack of funds, improper storage facilities, lack of
technical skill and high cost of instructional materials. It is therefore
recommended that government should provide adequate instructional materials for
teaching and learning of Economic in government secondary schools in Enugu East
local Government Area.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
Education has been considered to be
the cornerstone for development. According to Federal Republic of Nigeria
(2010). Education forms the basis for literacy, skills acquisition ability,
teaching achievement and ability to harness human and material resources
towards the achievement of societal goals. In Nigeria today there is high
demand for education because of this effective contributionsin the overall
development.
Subsequently, many subjects are
studied at different levels of institution in Nigeria towards realizing the
goal of education. Economics is one of the subjects offered in post primary
school. It is important to both students and society because it cuts across all
spheres of human endeavour. It is a subject concerned with the effective
utilization or management of limited resources, for the purpose of attaining
the maximum satisfaction of human wants.
Achala (2014)states that Economics is
associated with scarcity and choice.He defines Economics as social science
which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means
which have alternative uses. This means that economic as a science which helps
man to understand and manage his scarce resources, in order to meet his
numerous needs.
Economics
education in senior secondary school is expected to equip the students with fundamental
area of intellectual training, vocational skills, cultures, values, citizenship,
training tools for the analysis of situation and natural interest for
developments. But the optimal achievement on the above goals, or objectives,
depends on the appropriate application of instructional material.
Instructional materials are device
that help in the effective teaching and leaving and help the teacher to achieve
his or her specific objectives. Instructional materials are significant
teaching and learning tools which helps the students to comprehend, retain and
apply the knowledge acquired to attain the educational objectives. It is
essential materials needed for teaching and learning of school subjects to
promote teachers efficiency and improve students’ performance.
It also make learning more vivid,
logical, realistic and pragmatic. Economics deals with concept and abstract ideas,
the use of appropriate instructional materials go a long way to up-grade the
learning experience and facilitates understanding. On the contrary non-use or inappropriate
use of instructional materials is capable of jeopardizing the entire instructional
objectives.
Achala (2014), states that economic
teaching need concrete objects when teaching, for example if a topic like money
is to be taught, the teacher needs to show the students the currency ,both
notes and coins and their demonstration, in order to retain the topic in their
memory. Furthermore, a set goal may not be reached by the teacher if he fails
to choose and correctly use appropriate resources in teaching, because there
are some students who learn better when they see and touch and others learn
more when they combine all the senses of learning, sight, touch, and even tasting and smelling.
Abdan
(2014) states that despite thefact that instructional materials are essential
tools that can make learning practical and knowledgeable, they are not readily
available in Nigeria secondary school leading to low levelin academic
performance of learners in government examination.
Academic
performance is the outcome of education or the event to which an institution is
able to achieve the educational goals.
These entails how the students and teacher are able to fulfil the
purpose for which educational goals and objectives are set. Academic
performance is how well or bad, someone does during his or her school and all
the activities that go with it. Bossarti, Roumenas, Versxhuevent (2011) stated
that academic performance is commonly measured by examination or contains
assessment.
Since academic performance is measured
through examination like WAEC, NECO, and JAMB, it is necessary to know why the
students performedpoorly in an examination. One of the secret is the type of
instructional material s their teachers used in carrying out the instructional
objectives. Trying to know the type of instructional material used in teaching
and learning in both rural or urban school in the study area will help to
improve the academic performance of the students, because it will help to find
out whether the economics students are using instructional materials or not. If
they are not using instructional materials, they will be forced to use it and
suitable and appropriate instructional material will be selected for them to
enhance high academic performance in economics subjects.
So it is on this background that this
study will be carried out to find out the type of instructional material used
in teaching and learning of Economics in government senior secondary school in
Enugu East Local government areas.
Statement of the
problem
Teaching and learning of economics
have been seriously frustrated in recent time.Udekaigbo, Onionwu and Mbionwu
(2009).This attributed to the fact that it is difficult to translate the ideas
of some economics conceptsand theories into visual practical realities.
Teachers are being accused of not teaching with the use of instructional
materials which has led to poor academic performances of students especially in
external examinations. Because of this, most students rely so much on
examination malpractice to succeed in external examinations, like West African
Examination council (WAEC) NationalExamination Council (NECO), National
Business and Technical Examination Board (NABTEB) and University Tertiary and
MatriculationExamination (UTME). The problem is compounded by the use of
unsuitable teaching aids such as out-dated textbook s, parroting in place of
improvisation or even emphasis in teaching and learning with technology,
The inadequate supply of instructional
material by government cum the poor supervision
of teacher s’ compliance to
instructional materials usage especially
during teaching and learning encounter
has led to poor academic performance
among economics students of government senior secondary school of Enugu East
Local government area. Furthermore
teachers who are not well acquainted with the skill on how to use the
instructional materials end up making the lesson more abstract than reality,
and which makes the class boring .For example, there are teachers in the secondary
schools who have Bachelor of science [B.SC]
at the expense of Bachelor of Education [B.ED], and they might not have
acquired relevant skills on how to appropriately use the instructional
materials In teaching and learning process even at students jeopardy. It
becomes obvious that they can degrade the quality of our educational system.
Hence, there is need to identify the
type of instructional material used in
teaching and learning of economic in order to address the problems of poor
academic performance of economic students and non-use or inappropriate use of
instructional material in teaching and learning of economics in government
secondary school Enugu East L.G.A.
Significance of the
study
The study aimed at identifying the
instructional materials used in teaching and learning Economics. The findings
of the work will be beneficial to all students in general, and Economics
students in particular, the society and policy makers. It will help the
students to develop interest in the subject as instructional materials awaken
interest in school subjects. It will also help the students to perform higher
in Economics examination, since instructional materials make learning more real
and concrete.
The
teacher of Economics will also benefit from the findings of the study as it
helps to reduce their energy in communicating meanings, concepts to the
learners by the use of teaching aids.
The
society in general will benefit from the findings of the study because the
interest of the students will lead to devoting more time to the study of the
subject and this will generate moral values that the society needs. It will
also enlighten the general public, state, and federal ministry of education on
the need to provide public secondary schools with the relevant instructional
materials for the production of highly skilled, intelligent and professional
students for national transformation and sustainable development. The study
will equally enable the authorities in government secondary schools in Enugu
East Local Government Area to see the need to equip the schools with relevant
teaching aids for the improvement of the academic performance of the students
and the attainment of a global economy.
Purpose of the study
1.
Specifically, the
purpose of the study is to identify the type of instructional materials used in
teaching and learning of Economics in government senior secondary school in
Enugu East Local Government Area. Specifically, the objective of the study includes
the following:
2.
To examine the benefits
of instructional materials tostudents of the study area.
3.
To identify the problems associated with the
use of instructional materials in teaching and learning of economics in the
study area.
Scope of the study
The
study focused on some selected government secondary schools in Enugu East
L.G.A. The research work has been limited to identifying the instructional
materials usedin teaching and learning of economics in government senior
secondary schools. The study discloses the relationship between the
instructional materials and the academic performance of the students. This
means that instructional materials are indispensable tools which enhance
teachers efficiency and improve students’ performance towards achieving
educational goals. Also in this study the importance of cognitive leaning
theory and motivational theory in teaching and learning process cannot over
emphasized.
Research Questions
1.
What are the type of
instructional materials used in teaching and learning of Economics in
government senior secondary schools in Enugu East L.G.A?
2.
What are the benefits
of the use of instructional materials in the teaching of economics to students
3.
What are the problems
associated with the instructional materials used in teaching and learning of
Economics in the study area?
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