TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Abstract
Table of Contents
Abbreviations, Definitions, Glossary and Symbols
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Statement of Research Problem
1.2 Justification
1.3 Aim and Objectives
1.3.1 Aim
1.3.2 Specific objectives
1.4 Hypothesis
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Diarrhoea
2.1.1 Definition
2.1.2 Aetiology
2.1.3 Epidemiology
2.1.4 Pathophysiology/Pathological disorders
2.1.5 Types of diarrhoea
2.1.6 Other types of diarrhoea
2.1.7 Signs and symptoms
2.1.8 Risk factors
2.1.9 Complications of the disease
2.1.10 Diagnosis
2.1.11 Prevention
2.1.12 Management and treatment
2.1.13 Antidiarrhoeal drugs in recent use
2.2 The Plant: Nymphaea lotus
2.2.1 Taxonomy and nomenclature
2.2.2 Synonyms
2.2.3 Common/English names
2.2.4 Vernacular names
2.2.5 Botanical description / morphology
2.2.6 Geographical distribution / habitat
2.2.7 Ethno medical Uses
2.2.8 Pharmacological studies on Nymphaea lotus plant
2.2.9 Other medicinal plants used for management of diarrhoea
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Materials
3.1.1 Plant material
3.1.2 Experimental animals
3.1.3 Equipment and other laboratory materials
3.1.4 Chemicals and drugs
3.2 Methods
3.2.1 Preparation of the plant extract
3.2.2 Preliminary phytochemical screening
3.2.3 Acute Toxicity Studies (LD50)
3.2.4 In vitro Studies
3.2.5 Antidiarrhoeal Studies
3.2.8 Data Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS
4.1 Percentage yield of crude rhizome extract of Nymphaea lotus
4.2 Phytochemical constituents of methanol rhizome extract of Nymphaea lotus
4.3 Acute toxicity study
4.4 In vitro Studies
4.4.1 Effect of methanol rhizome extract of Nymphaea lotuson isolated rabbit jejunum
4.4.2 Effect on of methanol rhizome extract of Nymphaea lotuson isolated guinea pig ileum
4.5 Castor oil-induceddiarrhoea in mice
4.6 Magnesium sulphate-induceddiarrhoea in mice
4.7 Effect of methanol rhizome extract of Nymphaea lotuson gastric transit time in mice
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION
CHAPTER SIX
6.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Summary
6.2 Conclusion
6.3 Recommendation
REFERENCES
Abstract
Nymphaea lotus is one of the foremost aquatic macrophytes that have
been identified in Nigerian fresh water bodies. It finds applications in
the management of circulatory system disorders, digestive system disorders,
infectionsand inflammations. This study aims to evaluate the antidiarrhoeal
activity of the methanol rhizome extract of N. lotus Linn plant in
laboratory animals. Shade-dried rhizome of N. lotus was extracted with
80% methanol using Soxhlet apparatus. Preliminary phytochemical screening was
carried out.This revealed the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinones,
carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and
triterpenes. The oral median lethal dose (LD50) was determined andacute toxicity test of the extract
gave LD50
value greater than 5,000mg/kg p.o. in mice. The antidiarrhoeal
activityof the methanol extract was determined in mice. The extract was
screened for activity against castor oil-induced diarrhoea and magnesium
sulphate-induced diarrhoea as well as effect on gastric transit time in mice.
For castor oil-induced diarrhoea, the extract at doses of 200, 400 and 800mg/kg
produced statistical significant reduction in the frequency of diarrhoea (at
p<0.001, p<0.001 and p<0.01 respectively). The extract at 800 mg/kg
produced a significant delay in onset of diarrhoea (p<0.05) comparable to loperamide
(3mg/kg). The frequency of magnesium sulphate-induced diarrhoeawas also
significantly reduced in the groups treated with 200, 400 and 800mg/kg of the
extract at p<0.001, p<0.001 and p<0.01 respectively. At doses of
200mg/kg (76.5%) and 400mg/kg (72.6%), the protection produced comparable to
loperamide, 3mg/kg (70.6%).All treated groups produced statistically
significant reduction in the transit of charcoal meal along the intestinal
tract at p<0.001. The standard antidiarrhoeal drug, atropine (5mg/kg) produced
greater antimotility effect (56.83%) compared to the extract. Effect of methanol
rhizome extract of N. lotus on isolated rabbit jejunum and guinea pig
ileum was determined. The methanol rhizome extract ofNymphaea lotus at
low concentration (4×10-4 – 6.4×10-2mg/ml)
had contractile effect on the tone of contraction of the rabbit jejunum
while at higher concentrations (8×10-2 -512×10-2 mg/ml) produced significant reduction in the tone and
rate of spontaneous contraction of rabbit jejunum. Interaction of the
extract,at concentration that causes relaxation, with acetylcholine,attenuated
the effect of the latter in a manner similar to atropine.The methanol rhizome
extract of N. lotus at lower concentrations (4×10-4 to
2×10-2
mg/ml) has no effect on contraction of the guinea pig ileum while higher
concentrations (4×10-2 -
512×10-2
mg/ml) produced significant relaxant activity on guinea pig ileum. Interaction
of the extract with histamine attenuated the effect of the latter which may be
as a result of physiologic antagonism.This study has shown that the methanol
rhizome extract of N. lotus has antidiarrhoeal properties thus
justifying its use by the local population for this purpose.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Diarrhoea is characterized by increased frequency of bowel movement, wet stool and abdominal pain (Ezekwesili et al., 2004). Diarrhoeal disease account for nearly 1.3 million deaths a year among children under-five years of age, making it the second most common cause of child deaths worldwide, with half of the deaths occuring in just five countries: India, Nigeria, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Ethiopia (UNICEF, 2012).
Diarrhoea occurs most of the time when there is an imbalance between the absorption of and secretion in gastrointestinal tract. When the absorptive capacity of the intestine is exceeded and net secretion is greater than absorption,excess loss of fluid in faeces results (Nigro et al., 2000; Guerrant et al., 2001).
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), diarrhoea is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in many developing countries affecting mainly infants and children (Fernandoet al., 2010). In Nigeria, it is the number one fatal outcome disease among children under five years of age (Ahmed et al., 2007).
The WHO in 2004, introduceda programme for control of diarrhoea which involved and encouraged the use of traditional herbal medicine (Njume and Goduka, 2012). This was introduced keeping in mind centuries‘ old efficacy, experience, accessibility and cost (Yakubuet al., 2012).
Traditional medicine is a widely used and a rapidly growing health system with high economic importance. Up to 80% of the population in Africa uses traditional medicine to help meet their health care needs (WHO, 2002). This is mainly due to the economic viability, accessibility and ancestral experience (Wendell et al., 2008). Traditional Medicine remains an indispensable component of Nigeria‘s health services and practices, patronized by a large percentage of the population. It should therefore be integrated into the nation‘s health delivery system in a manner that protects users of traditional medicine and the general public (APCON, 2014). Local herbalists have depended on medicinal plants as a reliable means of treating diarrhoea. Hence the use of medicinal plants that possess anti-diarrhoeal activities has been explored as a measure that could be of benefit in combating widespread diarrhoea infections especially in third world countries (Adeyemi et al., 2003). Numerous studies have validated the traditional use of antidiarrhoeal medicinal plants by investigating the biological activity of extracts of such plants, which have antispasmodic effects, delay intestinal transit, suppress gut motility, stimulate water absorption or reduce electrolyte secretion (Kambaska et al., 2006)....
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