TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Natural products and medicinal chemistry
1.2 Statement of problem
1.3 Objectives of study
1.4 Justification of study
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Review of Related Literature
2.1 Phytochemical analysis of unripe coconut fluid
2.1.1 Alkaloids
2.1.1.1 Classification of alkaloids
2.1.1.2 Properties
2.1.2 Tannins
2.1.2.1 Structure of tannins
2.1.2.2 Classification of tannins
2.1.3 Terpenoids
2.1.3.1 Structure of terpenoids
2.1.4 Flavanoids
2.1.4 Saponins
2.2 Phytohormones present coconut fluid
2.2.1 Auxin
2.2.2 Cytokinins
2.2.3 Gibberellins
2.3 Nutritional benefits of unripe coconut fluid
2.4 Natural products with antimalarial activities
2.5 Structures of some established antimalarial drugs
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Experimental Section
3.1 Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of unripe coconut Fluid
3.1.1 Qualitative phytochemical screening test
3.1.1.1 Test for tepernoids
3.1.1.2 Test for flavonoids
3.1.1.3 Test for alkaloids
3.1.1.4 Test for tannins
3.1.1.5 Test for saponins
3.1.2 Quantitative phytochemical screening test
3.1.2.1 Terpenoids
3.1.2.2 Flavonoids
3.1.2.3 Alkaloids
3.1.2.4 Tannins
3.1.2.5 Saponins
3.2 Antimicrobial screening test
3.2.1 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) testing
3.3 Acute toxicity screening test
3.4 Innoculation of the parasitaemia
3.4.1 Determination of malaria parasite (MP+)
3.5 Determination of antioxidant activities
3.5.1 Determination of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)
3.5.2 Determination of vitamin C
3.5.3 Determination of vitamin E
3.6 Haematological test
3.6.1 Determination of total white blood cell count
3.6.2 Determination of total red blood cell count
3.6.3 Determination of haemoglobin concentration
3.7 Liver function test
3.7.1 Determination of the aspartate aminotransferase activity
3.7.2 Determination of the alanine transaminase activity
3.7.3 Determination of total bilirubin
3.8 The kidney function test activity
3.8.1 Determination of urea
3.8.2 Determination of uric acid
3.8.3 Determination of acid phosphatase
3.8.4 Determination of creatinine
3.9 Determination of trace elements
3.9.1 Serum chloride determination
3.9.2 Serum sodium determination
3.9.3 Serum potassium determination
3.9.4 Serum zinc determination
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results and discussion
4.1 Results of phytochemical screening of unripe coconut fluid
4.2 Results of antimicrobial activity
4.3 Result of acute toxicity test (LD50)
4.4 Result of percentage parasitaemia
4.5 Results of antioxidant activities
4.6 Results of haematological test
4.7 Results of liver function test activities
4.8 Results of kidney function test activities
4.9 Results of trace element determination
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion
References
ABSTRACT
The phytochemical, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antimalarial activities of the fluid inside an unripe coconut fluid were investigated and at the end of the day, the phytochemicals were found to be terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and saponins and the percentage composition of these classes of compounds were also determined. This component of an unripe coconut had fluid which is very effective in destroying malaria parasites in the same way the strength showed on the organism by the control drug which is Atesurnate. The antioxidant capacity of the fluid was also determined vis-Ã -vis and they were interestingly good results.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 NATURAL PRODUCTS AND MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
A natural product is a chemical compound or a substance produced by a living organism that is found in nature1.Within the field of organic chemistry, the definition of natural products is usually restricted to mean purified organic compounds isolated from natural sources.2 Natural products sometimes have pharmacological or biological activity that can be of therapeutic benefit in treating diseases. As such, natural products are active components not only for most traditional medicines but also for many modern medicines.3
A significant number of anti-infectives are based on natural products. The first antibiotic to be discovered is Penicillin [1].
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A large number of currently prescribed drugs have been directly derived from natural products. For example the bark of the Willow tree has been known from antiquity to have pain relieving properties4; this is due to the presence of the natural product salicin [2] which in turn may be hydrolyzed to salicylic acid [3], a synthetic derivative acetylsalicylic acid [4] better known as aspirin widely usedas a pain reliever was obtained when salicylic acid is treated with acetic anhydride (scheme 1)......
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