TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Abstract
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Statement of Research Problem
1.2 Justification
1.3 Aims of the Study
1.3.1 Specific objectives
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Vitex Doniana
2.1.1 Habitat/Distribution
2.1.2 Botanical classification
2.1.3 Chemical constituent
2.1.4 Uses
2.2 Polyphenols
2.2.1 Classes
2.2.2 Extraction
2.2.3 Pharmacological action/effect
2.3 Hyperlipidemia
2.3.1 Definition
2.3.2 Classes
2.3.3 Etiology
2.3.4 Diagnosis
2.3.5 Treatment
2.3.6 Experimental model of hyperlipidemia
2.3.7 Hyperlipidemia and liver
2.3.8 Hyperlipidemia and kidney
2.3.9 Hyperlipidemia and hematological parameters
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Materials
3.1.1 Plant materials
3.1.2 Chemicals/Reagents
3.1.3 Equipment
3.1.4 Experimental animals
3.2 Methods
3.2.1 Extraction
3.2.2 Phytochemical screening of the plant
3.2.3 In vitro screening of the extracts
3.2.4 In vivo biological activity of extracts
3.2.5 Quantitative phytochemical analysis of the extract
3.2.6Acute toxicity study
3.2.7 Induction of hyperlipidemia
3.2.8 Animal grouping
3.2.9Collection and preparation of samples
3.2.10 Determination of serum lipid profile
3.2.11 Determination of biochemical parameters
3.2.12 Determination of in vivo antioxidant activity
3.2.13 Statistical analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS
4.1 Phytochemical Screening of VitexDoniana
4.2In Vitro Screening of the Extracts
4.3 In Vivo Biological Activity of Extracts
4.4Quantitative Phytochemical of EthanolicExtract
4.5Lethal Dosage (LD50) of the Ethanolic Extract
4.6Lipid Profile and Atherogenic Predictor Indices
4.7Liver Marker Enzymes and Function Parameters
4.8Kidney Function Parameters and Packed Cell Volume
4.9Body Weight
4.10In Vivo Antioxidant Activity
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION
CHAPTER SIX
6.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1 Summary
6.2 Conclusion
6.3 Recommendation
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
ABSTRACT
Anti-hyperlipidemic potential of extracts (aqueous, 70%
methanol, 70% ethanol and 70%, acetone) of Vitexdoniana leaves, stem
bark and root bark on poloxamer 407 induced hyperlipidemic and normal rats was
investigated. Phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of
flavonoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids and tannins in the leaves,
stem bark and root bark. The average total polyphenol contents of the leaves
ethanol (36.11±3.13mg/g gallic acid) and methanol (35.75±1.72mg/g gallic acid)
extracts were significantly (p<0.05) higher when compared with that of
acetone and aqueous extracts. The IC50of
the leaves ethanol extract (0.227mg/ml) was lowerthan that ofstem bark ethanol
extract (0.236mg/ml) and root ethanol extract (0.561mg/ml). Screening the
extracts for the most potent anti-hyperlipidemicactivityreveals that ethanolic
extracts of root bark and leaveshas the highest percentage reduction of total
cholesterol (51.98%) and triacylglycerol (50.75%) respectively. The most
abundant phytochemical in the most potent extract is flavonoid (4.605±0.077%)
in the leaves and the least is tanins (0.035±0.008%) in the root bark extract.
The LD50 of both leaves and stem bark
was greater than 5000mg/kg body weight and that of root bark was 948.68 mg/kg
body weight. Hyperlipidemic control rats significantly (p<0.05) increased
total Cholesterol (TC), Triacylglycerol (TAG), Low density lipoprotein (LDL-c)
andsignificantly (p<0.05) decreased High density lipoprotein (HDL-c)
compared to other groups.Atherogenic risk factor of all induced treated rats
shows a significant (p<0.05) lower levels of LDL-c/HDL-c, Log (TAG/HDL-c)
and significant (p<0.05) higher level of HDL-c /TC ratio. There was no
significant (p>0.05) change between normal control rats and normal treated
rats in lipid profile parameters and atherogenic indices. The level
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Polyphenols are natural organic chemicals characterized by the presence of large number of phenol structural units (Quideauet al., 2011). The most research-informed and chemistry-aware definition of polyphenol is termed the White–Bate-Smith–Swain– Haslam (WBSSH) definition (Haslam and Cai, 1994) which describes the polyphenol as moderately water-soluble compounds, with molecular weight of 500–4000 Dalton,having more than 12 phenolic hydroxyl groups and with 5–7 aromatic rings per 1000 Da.The number and characteristics of the phenol structures underlie the unique physical, chemical, and biological properties of a particular member of the polyphenol class(Quideau et al., 2011).
Over the past 10 years, researchers and food manufacturers have become increasingly interested in polyphenols. The main reason for this interest is the recognition of the antioxidant properties of polyphenols, their great abundance in our diet, and their probable role in the prevention of various diseases associated with oxidative stress, such as cardiovascular, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. As the major active substance found in many medicinal plants, itmodulates the activity of a wide range of enzymes and cell receptors.Polyphenols as antioxidants, helps in addressing and reversing the problems caused by oxidative stress to the walls of arteries, create a heart-healthy environment by curbing the oxidation of low density lipoprotein cholesterol which stops the potential for atherosclerosis, and they help relieve chronic pain, as seen in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, due to their anti-inflammatory properties. In addition to having....
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