TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Table of Content
Abstract
CHAPTERONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background to the Study
1.1 Statement of the Problem
1.2 Objectives of the Study
1.3 Hypotheses of the Study
1.4 Justification for the Study
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Cassava Empowerment
2.2 Women Empowerment in Cassava Production and Processing
2.3 RTEP as a Source of Women Empowerment in Nigeria
2.4 Empowering Rural Women for Sustainable Food Security
2.4 Introduction, Spread and Importance of Cassava
2.6 Women and Cassava processing
2.7 Traditional Methods for Processing Cassava
2.8 Constraints in the Traditional Processing of Cassava
2.8.1 Environmental Factors
2.8.2 Varietal Factors
2.8.3 Agronomic Factors
2.8.4 Socioeconomic Factors
2.9 Women’s Response to Selected Cassava Production Technology in Nigeria
2.10 Poverty and Poverty Alleviation
2.11 Measurement of Poverty
2.11.1 Double Difference Method
2.12 Women Empowerment Activities Given By RTEP
2.13RTEP Women Empowerment Activities
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Description of the Study Area
3.2 Sampling Procedure
3.3 Data Collection
3.4 Analytical Techniques
3.4.1 Descriptive Statistics
3.4.2 Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) poverty measures
3.4.3Tobit Model for Intensity of Cassava Production and Processing
3.4.4 Double Difference Estimator for Income, Productivity and Poverty Status of Farmers and Processors (Participants and Non-Participants)
3.4.4.1 Multiple Regression Analysis
3.4.5 Two Sample t-test for Test of Hypotheses
3.5 Variable Definition and Measurement
CHAPTER FOUR
3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.4.1 Age Distribution of Cassava Farmers
4.4.2 Level of Education of Cassava Farmers
4.4.3 Major Occupation of Cassava Farmers
4.4.4 Secondary Occupation of Cassava Farmers
4.4.5 Cassava Enterprise of Cassava Farmers
4.4.6 Extension Contact of Cassava Farmers
4.4.7 Farming Experience of Cassava Farmers
4.4.8 Years of Participation of Cassava Farmers
4.4.8 Farm Size of Cassava Farmers
4.2 Socio- Economic Characteristics of Cassava Processors
4.2.1 Age Distribution of Cassava Processors
4.2.2 Level of Education of Cassava Processors
4.2.3 Major and Secondary Occupation of Cassava Processors
4.2.4 Cassava Enterprise of Cassava Processors
4.2.5 Extension Visits of Cassava Processors
4.2.6 Years of Participation of Cassava Processors
4.3 Factors Influencing the Intensity of Cassava Production
4.3.1 Factors Influencing the Intensity of Cassava Processing
4.4 Poverty Status for (Cassava Farmers) Participants and Non-Participants of RTEP
4.4.1 Poverty Status for (Cassava Processors) Participants and Non-Participants of RTEP
4.4.2 Impact of Empowering Cassava Women Farmers on their Income, Productivity and Poverty Status
4.4.3 Impact of Empowering Cassava Women Processors on Income, Productivity and Poverty Status
4.4.4 Effect of Participation in Empowerment Programme on Farmers‟ Income Productivity and Poverty Status
4.4.5 Effect of Participation in Empowerment Programme on Processors ‟Income, Productivity and Poverty Status
4.4.6 Test of Hypotheses
4.5 Constraints associated with Women Empowerment in the Study Area
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusions
5.3 Contribution to Knowledge
5.4 Recommendations
REFERENCES
ABSTRACT
This study is focused on the analysis of women empowerment
in cassava production and processing as a means of household poverty status in
Kwara State, Nigeria. Women in Kwara State were empowered by RTEP inorder to
improve their living standard and there was therefore the need to evaluate the
impact of the programme on the women‟s income, productivity and poverty
status.Primary data were collected from the farmers and processors who were
participants or non-participants in Root and Tuber Expansion Programme (RTEP)
through the use of structured questionnaires. Purposive sampling was used to
select the LGAs and villages, while random sampling was used to select the
respondents and 12%(199) of the sample frame was used for this study. Tools for
analyses were descriptive statistics such as frequency, tables, percentages,
FGT, double difference estimators and multiple regressions. The results of the
analysis showed that mean age for participants and non-participants farmers
were 40 and 37 years and the mean age for participant and non-participant
processors were 40 and 39 years respectively. Results of intensity of cassava
production revealed that factors such as age(p<0.001), occupation(p<0.01)
and agro-chemicals(p<0.01) significantly influenced the intensity of cassava
production and the results of intensity of cassava processing showed that years
of participation (p<0.0001) and extension visits (p<0.01)were
statistically significant and influenced the intensity of cassava processing.
The results from FGT revealed that poverty depth for participants (farmers) were
0.19 and 0.17 while for non-participants, 0.17 and 0.14 also the poverty
severity for participants (farmers) were 0.07 and 0.02 and about 0.07 and 0.05
for non-participants (farmers) before and after the empowerment programme.
Results for double difference estimators revealed that the values were positive
with mean increase percentage values of 57.64% and 27.87% for participants and
non-participants (farmers) and about 32.65% and 23.88% participants and
non-participant (processors). Thisindicates that the empowerment programme
impacted positively on the participants‟ income, productivity and poverty
status for farmers and processors. Themultiple regression estimates revealed
that when time and participation acted together, the variables of income, productivity
and poverty status were significant at both 1% and 5% levels of probability
indicating that time and participation in an empowerment programme
significantly influences the income, productivity and poverty status of the
participant farmers and processors. The major problems encountered by the
farmers and processors were inadequate capital which was the major constraint
to women empowerment followed by inadequate training by extension agents and
poor market price for produce. In conclusion, it can be noted that women who
participated in the RTEP had increases in their income, productivity and
poverty status. Thus, it was therefore recommended that due to the improvement
in the poverty status of participants in the RTEP, more empowerment programmes
should be established by government in areas where there are high levels of
poverty incidenceso that poverty in those areas can be alleviated.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
to the study
Women can be described as an indispensible group in
the development of any nation (Safiya, 2011). Women play significant and
potentially transformative roles in agricultural growth in developing
countries, but they face unrelenting obstacles and economic constraints
limiting further contribution in agriculture.Women are responsible, in addition
to seeking livelihoods, for keeping their homes and providing for their
children (Lawanson,2003). Women have great potentials necessary to evolve a new
economic order, to accelerate social and political development and consequently
transform the society into a better one (Safiya, 2011). Kayodeet al.,
(2013) described Nigerian women as a crucial factor for production. According
to him, they assume this status because they are largely responsible for the
bulk of crops production, agro-based food processing, preservation of crops and
distribution of outputs or products from farm centers to urban areas. The
importance of women in the agricultural development as stated above cannot be
overemphasized and this has led to the empowerment of more women in production
and processing of various crops such as Cassava, maize and yam. The Government
in collaboration with other private bodies has helped to empower women in order
to improve their standard of living. Empowering women can mean the provision of
sufficient opportunities to women to develop their potentials and contribute to
the overall development of the nation. Empowering women particularly in the
area of agriculture has been done using cassava which is a low risk crop with
high yielding potential and a developed market for its sales.Cassava has been
identified as a very powerful poverty fighter by driving down the price of food
to millions of consumers (Iheke, 2008). Cassava is the third-largest source of food carbohydrates in the
tropics. Uche et al., (2008) stated that Cassava is a staple food crop
in Kwara State consumed majorly as gari by households with a population
of about2,371,089million people. Nigeria is the world's largest producer of
cassava; its production is put at about 37.5 million metric tonnes per year
(Food Agricultural Organization, 2013). This production performance has rated
Nigeria as the largest cultivator of cassava in the world. In 2002, cassava
suddenly gained prominence in Nigeria following the pronouncement of a
presidential initiative on the crop. The initiative was aimed at using cassava
production as the engine of growth in Nigeria. In recent times, government has
encouraged the use of the crop to produce a wide range of industrial products
such as syrup and bread (Fakayode et al., 2008).
Cassava can be cultivated with family labour, land,
hoe and machete, making it analternative and low-risk crop for poor women
farmers. Also, cassava is available to low-income rural households in the
farming of simple food products which are significantly cheaper than grains
such as rice, maize and wheat (FAO, 2006).Cassava is mainly produced by small
scale farmers in rural communities and is primarily consumed in the form of
garri or fufu (Iheke, 2008). However, cassava can be processed into several
other product like chips, flour, pellets, adhesives, alcohol and starch which
are raw materials for livestock feed, alcohol/ethanol, textiles, confectionery,
wood and food industries (Iheke, 2008). The crop has continually played vital
roles as source of income to farmers, low cost food source for both the rural
and urban dwellers as well as household food security (Nweke, 1996).These
features have endowed it with a special capacity to bridge the gap in food
security and poverty alleviation(Clair et al., 2000).The idea of food
security was presented for the first time at the World Food Conference in 1974
viewed solely from the
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